水商売ウォッチング:マイナスイオン関係

トルマリン論文リスト(2002/08/08)

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 九州大学の文献検索データベースinspecAで、tourmalineをキーワードにして検索した結果。大多数の研究は、誘電体や圧電素子としての利用の研究である。文献番号7、11、17だけが、トルマリンを水に入れて水質を変える話で、実質同じグループによって研究がなされている。トルマリンを水に入れて何か効果を期待するのは、日本特有の現象であることがわかる。

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  1:       120 document(s) found
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         1/       120
 TI = The history of pyroelectricity: from ancient Greece to space missions
 AU = Lang, S.B. (Dept. of Chem. Eng., Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev,
      Beer-Sheva, Israel)
 SO = Ferroelectrics (Switzerland), 99-108, vol.230, no.1-4, 1999
 PU = Gordon & Breach
 AB = Pyroelectrically was probably first observed by the Greeks more than 23
      centuries ago. The philosopher Theophrastus wrote that lyngourion,
      probably the mineral tourmaline, had the property of attracting straws
      and bits of wood. For 2000 years, the peculiar properties of tourmaline
      were more a part of mythology than of science. In the 18th Century,
      pyroelectric studies made a major contribution to the development of our
      understanding of electrostatics. In the 19th Century, research on
      pyroelectricity added to our knowledge of mineralogy, thermodynamics and
      crystal physics. Pyroelectricity gave birth to piezoelectricity in 1880
      and to ferroelectricity in 1920. The field of pyroelectricity flourished
      in the 20th Century with many applications, particularly in infrared
      detection and thermal imaging. Pyroelectric sensors have been carried on
      many space missions and have contributed significantly to our knowledge
      of astronomy.

         2/       120
 TI = Electrical response of piezoelectric materials under mechanical
      excitation
 AU = Ghosh, A.K., Munshi, T.K., Chakravorty, H.S. (Dept. of Phys., Kalna
      Coll., Burdwan, India)
 SO = J. Appl. Phys. (USA), 5753-6, vol.86, no.10, 15 Nov. 1999
 PU = AIP
 AB = The piezoelectric responses of different piezocrystals, rigidly backed,
      have been studied under constant and impulsive stress. Equations
      connecting electrical and mechanical interactions have been coupled to
      find the response. The rates of growth and decay of piezovoltage have
      been found to vary widely from material to material.

         3/       120
 TI = Precise measurements of underwater explosion phenomena by pressure
      sensor using fluoropolymer
 AU = Murata, K., Takahashi, K., Kato, Y. (Res. & Dev. Dept., NOF Corp.,
      Aichi, Japan)
 SO = J. Mater. Process. Technol. (Switzerland), 39-42, vol.85, no.1-3, 1 Jan.
      1999
 PU = Elsevier
 AB = To study underwater explosion phenomena, it is necessary to precisely
      measure underwater shock wave and bubble pulse. Currently, underwater
      shock wave is measured by pressure sensor, using tourmaline. However,
      this method cannot sustain underwater shock pressure higher than 20 MPa.
      To realize a pressure sensor which can sustain underwater shock pressure
      higher than 100 MPa, we developed a pressure sensor using fluoropolymer
      as the sensing element. Measurements of underwater shock wave profiles
      were performed by pressure sensor using fluoropolymer and the results
      were compared with those obtained using tourmaline. The experimental
      results show that the sensor using fluoropolymer can precisely measure
      underwater shock wave profiles in pressure ranges above 100 MPa. To
      understand the destructive effects of underwater explosion phenomena, it
      is necessary to accurately measure bubble pulse, as well as underwater
      shock waves. Precise measurements of peak pressure and impulse of bubble
      pulse, as well as underwater shock waves, were performed by pressure
      sensor using fluoropolymer. The experimental results show that the peak
      pressure of bubble pulse is about 15-30% of the peak pressure of the
      shock wave, but the impulse of bubble pulse is about 1.5-2.5 times
      bigger than that of shock wave, within the measured scaled distance
      range. This is due to the fact that the duration of bubble pulse is
      about ten times longer than that of shock wave.

         4/       120
 TI = TOURMAL: software package for tourmaline, tourmaline-rich rocks and
      related ore deposits
 AU = Yavuz, F. (Istanbul Tech. Univ., Turkey)
 SO = Comput. Geosci. (UK), 947-59, vol.23, no.9, Nov. 1997
 PU = Elsevier
 AB = TOURMAL is a user-friendly software package developed for editing,
      storing, calculating and plotting microprobe tourmaline analyses from
      different gel,logic environments such as granites and their related
      aplites and pegmatites, metasomatic and vein type ore deposits,
      stratabound base metal deposits, gold deposits, and sedimentary and
      metamorphic rocks. Calculated results, saved in comma delimited ASCII
      file format, permit the user to search for other applications related to
      tourmaline compositions. The program prepares 28 binary and seven
      ternary diagrams. It is written in Quickbasic for IBM PC and
      compatibles, and runs under DOS and Windows operating systems with a VGA
      graphic card. This program permits the user to convert standard binary
      graphs and ternary diagrams into PCX file format for high quality
      printouts.

         5/       120
 TI = Influence of non-tetrahedral cations on Si-O vibrations in complex
      silicates
 AU = Mihailova, B., Gasharova, B., Konstantinov, L. (Central Lab. of Miner. &
      Crystallogr., Bulgarian Acad. of Sci., Sofia, Bulgaria)
 SO = J. Raman Spectrosc. (UK), 829-33, vol.27, no.11, Nov. 1996
 PU = Wiley
 AB = The effect of non-tetrahedral cations on the silicon-oxygen vibrational
      modes in complex silicates was modelled in a small-cluster approximation
      by introducing a shell containing first- and second-order neighbours of
      the peripheral oxygen atoms of the Si-O cluster. As an example, the
      proposed method was applied to study the Raman spectra of different
      types of tourmaline, which contain in their structure single
      six-membered rings of SiO/sub 4/ tetrahedra. It is shown that in the
      range 450-750 cm/sup -1/ the Raman spectrum of the ring is sensitive to
      the type of cations in octahedral Y-positions and as a result the peaks
      shift and their shape modifies. Using such changes, one can estimate the
      occupation of Y positions in tourmalines by various cations.

         6/       120
 TI = Piezoelectric materials and their applications
 AU = Jones, D.J., Prasad, S.E., Wallace, J.B. (Defence Res. Establ. Atlantic,
      Dartmouth, NS, Canada)
 SO = Key Eng. Mater. (Switzerland), 71-144, vol.122-124, 1996
 PU = Trans Tech Publications
 AB = Over 100 years ago, Jacques and Pierre Curie experimentally confirmed
      the presence of the piezoelectric effect in quartz, Rochelle salts and
      tourmaline single crystals. Within the last 50 years, a number of
      ceramic and polymer materials with non-symmetrical crystal structures
      have also been found to exhibit the piezoelectric effect. The discovery
      of strong piezoelectricity in these materials has has led to their
      commercialization and has been a major factor in the development of a
      wide range of applications. This paper begins with a review of the
      fundamental properties of piezoelectric materials. A description of the
      important types of piezoelectric materials and their characteristics are
      presented next, followed by discussions of selected applications, with
      additional applications listed in tabular format.
+
         7/       120
 TI = pH self-controlling induced by tourmaline
 AU = Nishi, Y., Yazawa, A., Oguri, K., Kanazaki, F., Kaneko, T. (Dept. of
      Mater. Sci., Tokai Univ., Kanagawa, Japan)
 SO = J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. (USA), 260-3, vol.7, no.3, May 1996
 PU = Technomic Publishing
 AB = The effect of tourmaline on pH control is investigated. The hydrogen ion
      concentration tremendously decreases for 1 h. The concentration
      approaches 10/sup -7/ mol/l at infinite time. On the other hand, the
      concept of materials intelligence (I/sub k/) has been suggested. If the
      f/sub h/ value is 50, we can determine the I/sub h/ value [I/sub h/(50)]
      for tourmaline. The I/sub h/(50) and P/sub r/ (practicality) values are
      0.38 and 0.70 for tourmaline.
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         8/       120
 TI = Piezoelectric and elastic properties of orthorhombic LiH/sub 2/PO/sub 3/
      and LiH/sub 2/PO/sub 4/
 AU = Haussuehl, S. (Inst. fur Kristallographie, Koln Univ., Germany)
 SO = Cryst. Res. Technol. (Germany), 323-7, vol.31, no.3, 1996
 PU = Akademie Verlag
 AB = Single crystals of LiH/sub 2/PO/sub 3/ and LiH/sub 2/PO/sub 4/, both of
      space group symmetry Pna2/sub 1/, with dimensions up to 40 mm were grown
      from aqueous solutions by controlled evaporation. Pyroelectric,
      dielectric, piezoelectric, elastic and thermoelastic properties were
      studied by standard methods. The static piezoelectric constants d/sub
      333/ exceed d/sub 111/ of alpha -quartz by only a factor 2. The
      pyroelectric effects reach 3 times and 7 times, respectively, that of
      tourmaline. The mean elastic stiffness of the phosphite is 13% smaller
      than that of the phosphate, a phenomenon also observed in the
      corresponding sodium and potassium salts.
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         9/       120
 TI = Moessbauer and optical spectrometry of selected schoerl-dravite
      tourmalines
 AU = Fuchs, Y., Lagache, M., Linares, J., Maury, R., Varret, F. (Lab. de
      Miner. Exp. et Appliquee, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France)
 SO = Hyperfine Interact. (Switzerland), 245-58, vol.96, no.3-4, Oct. 1995
 AB = Spectrometric studies were carried out on samples of tourmaline
      (schoerl-dravite series) from geological environments where
      first-phase-formed tourmaline underwent influence of geochemically
      different fluids. Samples are from a differentiated magmatic complex of
      Trento-Alto Adige, Italy, and from hydrothermal gold and silver deposits
      of the Humboldt Range, Nevada, USA. Chemical data were obtained from
      electron microprobes. The results of Moessbauer measurements suggest
      three to five doublets. Fe occurs in two valence states. The Z-site,
      usually fulfilled with Al/sup 3+/ and Fe/sup 3+/, is assigned only to
      Al/sup 3+/ and Fe/sup 2+/. This location was found in nearly all samples
      studied. In the Y-site Fe/sup 2+/ and Fe/sup 3+/ are obviously present.
      Isomer shifts with intermediate values can be assumed to be related to
      intervalence charge transfer (IVCT). Optical spectroscopy reveals
      absorption bands at 9000 and 14000 cm/sup -1/, which are assigned to a
      charge transfer between Fe/sup 2+/ and Fe/sup 3+/, the 23000 cm/sup -1/
      absorption band is supposed to be due to Fe/sup 2+/ to Ti/sup 4+/ charge
      transfer. The occupation of the Z-site only by Fe/sup 2+/ and the
      coexistence of divalent and trivalent Fe in the Y-site could be
      explained by selective oxidation in Y-site through a late process.
+
        10/       120
 TI = Application of new thermopiezoelectric effect to thermo- and
      piezoelectret records
 AU = Poplavko, Y.M., Otkox, A.I., Krainyk, G.G., Pereverzeva, L.P. (Kiev
      Polytech. Inst., Ukraine)
 SO = 8th International Symposium on Electrets. ISE 8 Proceedings (Cat.
      No.94CH3443-9), 731-5, xxv+1046, 1994
 PU = IEEE, New York, NY, USA
 AB = It was originally shown that partially clamped piezoelectric crystals
      decrease the symmetry of their polarization response to thermal or
      elastic excitation. As a result any ordinary piezoelectric material
      (such as alpha -quartz) and even materials that are pyroelectric
      perpendicularly to their unique polar axis (such as Y-cut tourmaline)
      acquire the polar (vectorial) electric response on scalar thermal
      influence. In connection with this effect we discovered Y-surface
      thermoinduced electric charges on LiTaO/sub 3/ crystals which manifest
      themselves through electrooptical patterns. A "thermoelectret" effect is
      likely to be applied as reversible thermoinduced records. Our recent
      study uncovered a simple stress-induced method to produce well-defined
      and reversible records on Y-LiTaO/sub 3/ plates that can be ascribed to
      a "piezoelectret" nature.
+
        11/       120
 TI = Tourmaline and lithium niobate reaction with water
 AU = Nakamura, T., Fujishira, K., Kubo, T., Iida, M. (Dept. of Electron.,
      Tokai Univ., Hiratsuka, Japan)
 SO = Ferroelectrics (Switzerland), 207-12, vol.155, no.1-4, 1994
 AB = Both tourmaline group and lithium niobate crystals have been found to
      react with water, giving rise to both a pH value variation and an
      electrical conductivity variation. The mechanism of this occurence has
      been analyzed.
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        12/       120
 TI = Gold-quartz veins in metamorphic terranes and their bearing on the role
      of fluids in faulting
 AU = Robert, F., Boullier, A.-M., Firdaous, K. (Geol. Survey of Canada,
      Ottawa, Ont., Canada)
 SO = J. Geophys. Res. (USA), 12861-79, vol.100, no.B7, 10 July 1995
 AB = Gold-quartz-tourmaline-carbonate-pyrite veins of the Val d'Or district
      in the Late Archean southeastern Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada, have
      been structurally documented in detail and offer a good opportunity for
      studying fault-related processes. The veins are well exposed in three
      dimensions within numerous deep mines (up to 2 km) and they typify the
      structural character of many other mesothermal gold-quartz vein deposits
      and districts around the world. The structural attributes of these
      gold-quartz veins, constraints from fluid inclusions, and an
      interpretation of the dynamics of their development are presented and
      provide a basis for discussion of potential relationships with
      earthquake processes.
+
        13/       120
 TI = Moessbauer effect and TEM in mineralogy
 AU = Ferrow, E.A. (Dept. of Miner. & Pet., Lund Univ., Sweden)
 SO = Hyperfine Interact. (Switzerland), 121-34, vol.90, no.1-4, Nov. 1994
 AB = Moessbauer effect (ME) provides useful information on oxidation state,
      co-ordination number, co-ordination state, site occupancies, and
      magnetic properties of Fe-bearing phases. The information gained by ME
      together with the information provided by other conventional techniques
      is used to extract temperature, pressure, and kinetics of rock-forming
      processes. Nevertheless, ME requires that the phases studied are
      homogeneous over an extremely large volume and that Fe is a major
      component of the system. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), on the
      other hand, provides similar information over a very small volume for a
      system of any component. However, present TEM spectrometers do not
      provide sufficient resolution to detect the mixed oxidation state. A
      complete characterisation of phases in rocks requires, therefore, that
      conventional techniques be combined with TEM.
+
        14/       120
 TI = Moessbauer effect study of the crystal chemistry of tourmaline
 AU = Ferrow, E.A. (Dept. of Miner. & Pet., Lund Univ., Sweden)
 SO = Hyperfine Interact. (Switzerland), 689-95, vol.91, no.1-4, Nov. 1994
 AB = One of the main features of the tourmaline group of minerals is that the
      six coordinated Y and Z sites, possessing different point group
      symmetries and sizes, share edges. The ME parameters are, therefore,
      controlled by the mechanisms by which the tourmaline structure obtains
      congruency along the common edge between the two octahedra. For example,
      if the size of the Y site in elbaite is increased by replacing Li and Al
      by Fe/sup 2+/, then, for small values of Fe/sup 2+/, size congruency is
      maintained by simultaneously replacing Al by Fe/sup 2+/ at the Z site.
      The ME spectra of Fe-bearing elbaite are therefore characterised by two
      doublets assigned to Fe/sup 2+/ in the Y and Z sites. For higher values
      of Fe/sup 2+/ at the Y site, however, the tourmaline structure reduces
      the misfit further by oxidation of Fe/sup 2+/ at the Y site. The effect
      of the second mechanism is to increase Fe/sup 2+/-Fe/sup 3+/ interaction
      centres and thereby promote charge delocalisation. These Fe-Fe charge
      interactions introduce three more peaks with ME parameters intermediate
      between Fe/sup 2+/ and Fe/sup 3+/. On the other hand, the replacement of
      Fe/sup 2+/ by Mg/sup 2+/ reduces the density of Fe/sup 2+/-Fe/sup 3+/
      centres, blocks Fe-Fe charge interactions and increases the intensity of
      Fe/sup 3+/.
+
        15/       120
 TI = Cu-bearing tourmaline from Paraiba, Brazil
 AU = MacDonald, D.J., Hawthorne, F.C. (Dept. of Geol. Sci., Manitoba Univ.,
      Winnipeg, Man., Canada)
 SO = Acta Crystallogr. C, Cryst. Struct. Commun. (Denmark), 555-7, vol.C51,
      no.4, 15 April 1995
 AB = Crystal structure refinement of copper-bearing tourmaline from Paraiba,
      Brazil, rim composition (Na/sub 0.54/Ca/sub 0.05/)(Li/sub 1.21/Mn/sub
      0.04/Cu/sub 0.10/Al/sub 1.66/)Al/sub 6/(Si/sub 5.92/-Al/sub 0.08/)O/sub
      18/(BO/sub 3/)/sub 3/ ((OH)/sub 3.56/F/sub 0.44/), core composition
      (Na/sub 0.55/Ca/sub 0.01/)(Li/sub 1.16/Mn/sub 0.08/Cu/sub 0.05/Al/sub
      1.71/)Al/sub 6/(Si/sub 5.88/-Al/sub 0.12/)O/sub 18/(BO/sub 3/)/sub 3/
      ((OH)/sub 3.70/F/sub 0.30/), shows the octahedrally coordinated Z site
      to be completely occupied by Al, and Li to occur only at the
      octahedrally coordinated Y site. The high displacement factors at the O1
      and O2 positions indicate significant positional disorder that is
      induced by occupancy of the X ( equivalent to 0.57Na+0.43 Square
      Operator (vacancy)) and Y ( equivalent to 1.2Li+1.8(Al+Mn/sup 3+/))
      sites by cations of very different size and charge.
+
        16/       120
 TI = Collection and analysis of powder diffraction data with near-constant
      counting statistics
 AU = Madsen, I.C., Hill, R.J. (Div. of Mineral Products, CSIRO, Port
      Melbourne, Vic., Australia)
 SO = J. Appl. Crystallogr. (Denmark), 385-92, vol.27, pt.3, 1 June 1994
 AB = The concept of a variable-counting-time (VCT) strategy for use in
      Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data was introduced by
      Madsen and Hill (Adv. X-ray Anal. (1992), 35, 39-47). This strategy is
      based on a function that increases the counting time used at each step
      in the scan in a manner that is inversely proportional to the decline in
      reflection intensity that inevitably results from the combined effects
      of Lp factor, scattering factor and thermal vibration. The present work
      extends the VCT function to include the effects of reflection
      multiplicity, cylindrical-sample (capillary) absorption and
      monochromator polarization. The new algorithm has been incorporated into
      a PC computer program and applied to the collection of data from samples
      of LaB/sub 6/, tourmaline, forsterite and boehmite. Subsequent analysis
      of the data using the Rietveld method has shown that VCT data can
      produce more accurate atomic coordinates and site occupancies, lower
      residual 'noise' in difference Fourier maps and more stable refinement
      of 'light' atoms.
+
        17/       120
 TI = Tourmaline group crystals reaction with water
 AU = Nakamura, T., Kubo, T. (Dept. of Electron., Tokai Univ., Kanagawa,
      Japan)
 SO = Ferroelectrics (UK), 13-31, vol.137, no.1-4, 1992
 AB = The pyroelectricity in tourmaline crystals has proved to be the
      secondary pyroelectric effect due to the thermal expansion and the
      piezoelectricity. On the c-face of a tourmaline powder of radius a ( mu
      m), there exists the electric field of 10/sup 7/ (V/m) which decreases
      following (a/r)/sup 3/ at distance r and is faint at teen ( mu m) value
      of r. Several attributes of water that has contacted tourmalines undergo
      definite changes. Quite a few novel applications of tourmalines are
      possible.
+
        18/       120
 TI = An empirical oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope geothermometer for
      quartz-tourmaline and tourmaline-water
 AU = Kotzer, T.G., Kyser, T.K., King, R.W., Kerrich, R. (Res AECL, Chalk
      River Labs., Ont., Canada)
 SO = Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (UK), 3421-6, vol.57, no.14, July 1993
 AB = Oxygen-isotope equilibration temperatures of coexisting quartz,
      muscovite, illite, chlorite, and biotite from a variety of geologic
      environments have been used in conjunction with the delta /sup 18/O and
      delta D values of associated tourmaline to formulate empirical
      quartz-tourmaline and tourmaline-water isotope fractionation factors
      over temperatures from 200 to 600 degrees C. The fractionation factors
      determined using this method are given.
+
        19/       120
 TI = Calibration of dynamic pressure transducer by hydraulic impulse
      generator system
 AU = Kim, K.J., Han, S.W., Lee, H.J., Woo, S.Y., Kim, B.S. (Mass Lab., Korea
      Res. Inst. of Stand. & Sci., Daejon, South Korea)
 SO = Korean Appl. Phys. (South Korea), 521-5, vol.5, no.6, Nov. 1992
 AB = Dynamic pressure transducer calibration system which has hydraulic
      impulse generator was established and the sensitivity of PCB118A02
      pressure transducer was measured with tourmaline sensor as the
      reference. The magnitudes of pressure impulse was varied from 32.68
      MPa(4739.8 psi) up to 135.02 MPa (19582 psi) with the interval of 20.685
      MPa (3000 psi). The average sensitivity of PCB118A02 was found to be
      15.102 pC/MPa (0.104 pC/psi), which showed 5.3% difference from the
      value provided by manufacturer.
+
        20/       120
 TI = 11th European Symposium on Fluid Inclusion Research (ECROFI XI)
 SO = Eur. J. Mineral. (West Germany), vol.4, no.5, Sept.-Oct. 1992
 AB = The following topics were dealt with: removal of O/sub 2/ from N/sub 2/
      purge gas; modelling of clathrate stability in fluid inclusions; water,
      hydrates, and pH in fluid inclusions; fluid inclusion gases from
      geothermal systems; CO/sub 2/-bearing fluids in the Aluto-Langano
      geothermal field, (Ethiopia); fluid mixing during ore deposition; fluid
      mixing and mesothermal Au mineralisation; fluid evolution in a
      greisen-tourmaline system; fluid inclusions and Au-W mineralisation;
      hydrothermal calcites and Tennessee Zn deposits; structure of geothermal
      and epithermal systems; fluid inclusion re-equilibration and evolution
      in Ghana; rock chemistry and fluid inclusions in the Serre batholith,
      Italy; fluid evolution and ore deposition in the Harz Mountains; fluid
      evolution in a Proterozoic Zn-Cu-Pb sulphide deposit; the Perda Majori
      (Sardinia) W-Mo deposit; fluid inclusions in pegmatites (Elba); fluid
      inclusions in eclogitic metagabbros; silicate-melt inclusions in
      Vesuvius lavas; cordierite andalusite-bearing mica schist from W.
      Hungary; mantle fluids in pyroxenite nodules; C-O-H-N-NaCl fluids in a
      granitic complex; fluid inclusions in the Gallura intrusive complex
      (Sardinia); and inclusions in thermally metamorphosed salt beds.
+
        21/       120
 TI = Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey
 AU = Seyitoglu, G., Scott, B.C., Rundle, C.C. (Dept. of Geol., Leicester
      Univ., UK)
 SO = J. Geol. Soc. (UK), 533-8, vol.149, pt.4, July 1992
 AB = The timing of the transition from compressional to extensional tectonics
      in the late Cenozoic evolution of west Turkey has been constrained by
      K-Ar geochronology from acidic volcanic rocks and tourmaline
      leucogranite dykes in the Gordes basin. Dacites and rhyolites in the
      centre of the Gordes Neogene sedimentary basin cut both the basement
      ophiolites of the Izmir-Ankara suture zone and the Neogene sediments. On
      the basin's eastern margin the leucogranites cut metamorphic basement
      along a major NE-SW-trending normal fault. Pebbles of these
      leucogranites occur in adjacent Neogene tuffites and conglomerates. K-Ar
      dates on biotites from the central volcanic rocks vary from 18.4+or-0.8
      Ma to 16.3+or-0.5 Ma (early Miocene) whilst muscovite from a
      leucogranite on the eastern margin of the basin provides ages of
      24.2+or-0.8 Ma and 21.1+or-1.1 Ma (latest Oligocene to early Miocene).
      Geochronological data and field relationships demonstrate that the
      earlier compressional regime had been replaced by extensional tectonics
      by latest Oligocene-early Miocene.
+
        22/       120
 TI = Frontiers in Isotope Geosciences
 SO = Chem. Geol. (Isot. Geosci. Sect.) (Netherlands), vol.101, no.1-2, 10
      June 1992
 AB = The following topics were dealt with: stable isotope analysis, in situ
      laser microprobe techniques, O, feldspar, quartz, LASSIE-laser ablation
      sampler for stable isotope extraction, carbonates, minerals, sulphides,
      S, Axial Seamount, C, gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass
      spectrometry, Dosimetry System 1986, noble gases in ancient fluids, B,
      negative thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, geochemistry, tourmaline,
      single zircon dating, Pb, Corsica, Hercynian granites, Scotland,
      Southern Uplands, detrital muscovites, laser /sup 40/Ar-/sup 39/Ar ages,
      Th, pyrites, magnetites, diamond, extreme energy filtering, H, Sr,
      Cameca ims-3f ion microprobe, Cameca ims-300, Isolab 54.
+
        23/       120
 TI = Electric properties of tourmalines at high temperature and pressure
 AU = Lastovichkova, M., Lebedev, T.S., Shepel', S.I. (Geophys. Inst., Acad of
      Sci., Prague, Czechoslovakia)
 SO = Geofiz. Zh. (Ukrainian SSR), 1990
 AB = Irreversible physico-chemical changes taking place in different media
      are responsible for the different dependences of the electrical
      conductivity of tourmalines in argon and in air. Temperature and
      moisture saturation have a more appreciable effect than does pressure on
      the electrical conductivity of tourmalines. Pressure and chemical
      composition (an increase in the content of the oxides of iron) have no
      noticeable effect on the absolute magnitude of electrical conductivity
      up to the critical temperature, but do considerably reduce activation
      energy and the logarithm of the pre-exponential coefficient of these
      minerals. A very marked increase in electrical conductivity and minimal
      T/sub c/ values are seen in the most ferruginous tourmalines. Electrical
      conductivity is low at temperatures of less than 400-500 degrees C, and
      therefore the effect of electromagnetic field frequency is quite
      apparent within that temperature range.
+
        24/       120
 TI = Thermal oxidation study of natural tourmaline using Mossbauer effect
 AU = Varma, H.V. (Dept. of Phys., Dr. H.S.G. Univ., Sagar, India)
 SO = Indian J. Phys. A (India), 293-9, vol.65A, no.4, July 1991
 AB = Minerals having hydroxyl group show conversion of ferrous ions to ferric
      ions when heated in air. Several mechanisms have been suggested for this
      process of conversion of ferrous to ferric. One mechanism which has been
      suggested is the hopping mechanism of electron-proton pair. In the case
      of tourmaline, using the thermal oxidation and the technique of
      Mossbauer effect it has been confirmed that the hopping mechanism is
      responsible for the oxidation. The oxidation of ferrous ion takes place
      by the ejection of the natural atom of hydrogen rather than a
      proton-electron pair. This natural atom of hydrogen hops to the surface
      of the sample and oxidizes with atmospheric oxygen to form water.
+
        25/       120
 TI = Very-high-pressure metamorphism and uplift of coesite-bearing
      metasediments from the Zermatt-Saas zone, Western Alps
 AU = Reinecke, T. (Inst. fur Miner., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, West Germany)
 SO = Eur. J. Mineral. (Germany), 7-17, vol.3, no.1, Jan.-Feb. 1991
 AB = The metapelitic assemblage of a very-high-pressure metamorphic
      manganiferous quartzite occurring at Lago di Cignana, Valtournanche,
      Western Alps, Italy, on top of eclogite-facies metaophiolites, provides
      an outstanding record of the P-T evolution during subduction and
      subsequent uplift in a segment of the oceanic Zermatt-Saas zone. At peak
      metamorphic conditions of 590-630 degrees C, 26-28 kbar, rim
      compositions of pyrope-rich spessartine containing up to 41 mol.% pyrope
      coexisted with coesite, talc, kyanite, phengite, paragonite, braunite,
      piemontite, haematite, rutile, dravitic tourmaline, Mg-rich ardennite,
      apatite and zircon under high H/sub 2/O-activity. Coesite is exclusively
      present as rare inclusions in tourmaline and pyrope-rich garnet and has
      partially or completely inverted to polycrystalline quartz. The
      established P-T path provides evidence that pelagic sediments forming
      part of the lithosphere of the former Piemonte-Ligurian ocean were
      subducted to depths of about 90 km. Preservation of the
      very-high-pressure metamorphic assemblage formed on an apparent geotherm
      of about 7 degrees C/km may have been favoured by the limited access of
      hydrous fluids and by a retrograde P-T path on which decompression was
      associated with major cooling.
+
        26/       120
 TI = Stratigraphic development and hydrothermal activity in the central
      Western Cascade Range, Oregon
 AU = Cummings, M.L., Michael Pollock, J., Thompson, G.D., Bull, M.K. (Dept.
      of Geol., Portland State Univ., OR, USA)
 SO = J. Geophys. Res. (USA), 19601-10, vol.95, no.B12, 10 Nov. 1990
 AB = Two volcanic sequences bounded by erosional unconformities compose the
      stratigraphy of the North Santiam mining district, Western Cascade
      Range, Oregon. Diorite, granodiorite, and leucocratic quartz porphyry
      dikes, stocks, and sills intrude the breccias, flows, and tuffs of a
      volcanic center in the older Sardine Formation. Tourmaline-bearing
      breccia pipes are associated with the porphyritic granodiorite
      intrusions. An erosional unconformity separates the Sardine Formation
      from the overlying Elk Lake formation. The alteration patterns in the
      two formations are consistent with the development of hydrothermal
      systems during the eruption of each formation. However, the development
      of the two hydrothermal systems is separated by a period of erosion of
      the older volcanic pile.
+
        27/       120
 TI = The symmetry of the natural optical activity and similar effects
 AU = Malinowski, S. (Inst. of Phys., Lodz Univ., Poland)
 SO = Acta Phys. Pol. A (Poland), 543-53, vol.A77, no.4, April 1990
 AB = For some symmetry of media, only the transverse waves can propagate if
      there is no spatial dispersion. On the other hand if there is a spatial
      dispersion, then for the same symmetry one can distinguish three types
      of directions: (i) the ones along which only the transverse waves
      propagate, (ii) the ones along which the transverse waves propagate
      together with the waves which are neither transverse nor longitudinal
      (such waves will be called skew ones), (iii) the ones along which only
      the skew waves propagate. In case (ii) the skew wave is, as a rule, more
      absorbed than the pure transverse wave; the pure transverse wave is,
      first of all, the extraordinary wave polarized along the optical axis
      (e.g. in tourmaline).
+
        28/       120
 TI = A scattered ring in a natural crystal of tourmaline
 AU = Ja, Y.H. (Telecom Australia Res. Lab., Clayton, Vic., Australia)
 SO = J. Opt. (France), 41-3, vol.21, no.1, Jan.-Feb. 1990
 AB = A scattered circular ring was observed in a natural crystal of
      tourmaline, when illuminated with a He-Ne laser beam. It is suggested
      that the scattered ring be due to the scattering of the incident beam by
      a very slender cylinder-like microstructure inside the crystal, and the
      microstructure might be formed by impurity ions, such as Fe/sup 3+/.
+
        29/       120
 TI = Provenance studies of Chirala coastal glass sand deposit, east coast of
      India
 AU = Sankara Pitchaiah, P., Rao, A.T. (Dept. of Geol., Nagarjuna Univ.,
      Nagarjunanagar, India)
 SO = Indian J. Mar. Sci. (India), 195-7, vol.18, no.3, Sept. 1989
 AB = The mineralogy and chemical and optical properties of the Chirala
      coastal glass sand deposit have been studied. Common hornblende and
      epidotes are predominant among the nonopaque minerals. Euhedral zircons
      are common. The hornblende and epidote abundance and their chemical and
      optical properties suggest the Nellore schist belt as the chief source
      for these sands. The shape and length-breadth ratios of zircons further
      support a schist belt provenance. The low abundance of garnets,
      sillimanites, rounded zircons, and zircon high-elongation frequencies
      indicates a minor contribution from khondalites and charnockites. The
      major confinement of the Gundlakamma river to Dharwarian schistose rocks
      and Archaean granitic gneisses suggest that the Nellore schist belt
      might have been actively eroded and have contributed the sediment to a
      large extent to this coastal sand belt.
+
        30/       120
 TI = Dielectric properties of tourmaline under different conditions
 AU = Mishra, S., Krishna Rao, A.V., Rao, K.V. (Dept. of Phys., Indian Inst.
      of Technol., Kharagpur, India)
 SO = Phys. Status Solidi A (East Germany), K115-18, vol.114, no.1, 16 July
      1989
 AB = The authors report measurements on the dielectric properties of
      tourmaline single crystals subjected to different treatments like
      quenching, X-ray or gamma -ray irradiation and the application of DC
      biasing voltage. The frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and
      dielectric loss tangent at room temperature is studied.
+
        31/       120
 TI = Geology of the Ulugh Muztagh area, northern Tibet
 AU = Burchfiel, B.C., Molnar, P., Zhao Ziyun, Liang K'uangyi, Wang Shuji,
      Huang Minmin, Sutter, J. (Dept. of Earth, Atmos. & Planetary Sci., MIT,
      Cambridge, MA, USA)
 SO = Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (Netherlands), 57-70, vol.94, no.1-2, Aug. 1989
 AB = Within the Ulugh Muztagh area, north central Tibet, an
      east-west-trending ophiolitic melange marks a suture that apparently was
      formed during a late Triassic or slightly younger collision between a
      continental fragment to the south and the rest of Asia. The southern
      continental fragment carries a thick sequence of upper Triassic
      sandstone, but the contact between the sandstone and the ophiolitic
      melange is covered by a younger redbed sequence of unknown age. A suite
      of 2-mica, tourmaline-bearing leucogranite plutons and dikes intruded
      the Triassic sandstone at shallow crustal levels 10.5 to 8.4 Ma. These
      rocks are interpreted to have been derived by the partial melting of
      crustal material. The authors interpret this to mean that crustal
      thickening began in this part of the Tibetan plateau at least by 10.5
      Ma. Welded rhyolitic tuff rests on a conglomerate that consists of
      abundant debris from the Ulugh Muztagh intrusive rocks and has yielded
      Ar/Ar ages of about 4 Ma. Crustal thickening may have continued to 4 Ma.
+
        32/       120
 TI = Effect of alpha -recoil damage on the elastic moduli of zircon and
      tourmaline
 AU = Ozkan, H. (Dept. of Phys., Middle East Tech. Univ., Ankara, Turkey)
 SO = Nuclear Physics Applications on Materials Science. Proceedings of the
      NATO Advanced Science Institute, 447-8, ix+458, 1988
 PU = Kluwer Acad. Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands
 AB = The author reports on the effect of alpha -recoil damage on the elastic
      moduli of zircon and tourmaline. Elastic wave velocities of seven
      different zircon samples have been measured by ultrasonic pulse-echo
      methods. They have observed 31% and 28% decrease in the longitudinal and
      shear wave velocities, respectively. All the elastic constants except
      C/sub 66/ decrease systematically and markedly (up to 69%) with
      radiation damage and approach two common saturation values of 150 GPA
      and 49 GPA. Oriented single crystals and powders of tourmaline have been
      irradiated with thermal neutrons up to total dose of 7, 6*10/sup 18/
      n/cm/sup 2/. Elastic wave velocity and X-ray diffraction measurements
      prior and after several thermal neutron irradiations have indicated that
      tourmaline crystals are rather stable up to total dose of 8*10/sup 17/
      n/cm/sup 2/.
+
        33/       120
 TI = Thermal expansion of tourmaline single crystals from 80 to 300 K
 AU = Tatli, A., Pavlovic, A.S. (Dept. of Sci. Educ., Middle East Tech. Univ.,
      Ankara, Turkey)
 SO = Phys. Rev. B, Condens. Matter (USA), 10072-4, vol.38, no.14, 15 Nov.
      1988
 AB = The thermal expansion and coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
      elbaite, schorl, and uvite specimens in the a and c directions have been
      determined from 80 K to room temperature with use of the standard
      strain-gauge technique. At room temperature it was found that for
      elbaite, alpha /sub a/=3.86*10/sup -6/ K/sup -1/ and alpha /sub
      c/=9.11*10/sup -6/ K/sup -1/; for schorl, alpha /sub a/=3.48*10/sup -6/
      K/sup -1/ and alpha /sub c/=8.54*10/sup -6/ K/sup -1/; and for uvite,
      alpha /sub a/=3.17*10/sup -6/ K/sup -1/ and alpha /sub c/=8.32*10/sup
      -6/ K/sup -1/. It was observed that the anisotropy in thermal expansion
      along the a and c directions of tourmalines is directly related to the
      anisotropy in the corresponding adiabatic elastic constants.
+
        34/       120
 TI = Role of natural radiation in tourmaline coloration
 AU = Reinitz, I.M., Rossman, G.R. (Div. of Geol. & Planetary Sci., California
      Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA)
 SO = Am. Mineral. (USA), 822-5, vol.73, no.7-8, July-Aug. 1988
 AB = The optical spectra of elbaite tourmalines subjected to large,
      controlled doses of gamma radiation have been compared to those of
      natural specimens. Both naturally pink and laboratory-irradiated
      elbaites show the same spectroscopic features. Optical absorption
      features of Mn/sup 2+/ in nearly colorless elbaites are lost during
      laboratory irradiation, indicating a Mn/sup 2+/ to Mn/sup 3+/
      transformation during the radiation process. Measurements of the
      radiation levels in tourmaline pockets in southern California pegmatites
      have been used to compute the doses that natural samples should have
      experienced over geologic time. These doses generally correspond to the
      doses required to restore the color to elbaites that have been
      decolorized by laboratory heat treatment, indicating that color in
      naturally pink tourmaline is a product of natural radiation. This
      radiation could have been effective only after the pegmatite cooled
      below the decolorizing temperature of tourmaline, suggesting that most
      pink elbaites originally grew nearly colorless in the pegmatites and
      only later attained their pink color through oxidation of Mn via
      ionizing radiation.
+
        35/       120
 TI = Electron paramagnetic resonance of atomic hydrogen centers in rubellite
 AU = De Camargo, M.B., Pontuschka, W.M., Isotani, S. (Sao Paulo Univ.,
      Brazil)
 SO = An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. (Brazil), 293-8, vol.59, no.4, 1987
 AB = The authors report a new atomic hydrogen center, U/sub R/, observed in
      rubellite (pink tourmaline) gamma -irradiated at room temperature with
      EPR measurements. These measurements provided the experimental support
      for the model they have developed in order to explain the high stability
      of atomic hydrogen in this material.
+
        36/       120
 TI = Optical absorption spectroscopy of natural and irradiated pink
      tourmaline
 AU = Bueno de Camargo, M., Isotani, S. (Inst. de Fisica, Sao Paulo Univ.,
      Brazil)
 SO = Am. Mineral. (USA), 172-82, vol.73, no.1-2, Jan.-Feb. 1988
 AB = The authors have studied the Brazilian natural pink tourmaline through
      polarized optical absorption measurements. The effects of increasing
      doses of gamma -rays from /sup 60/Co on the spectra were determined
      (maximum of 20 MGy). The following optical absorption bands were
      observed: 8500 and 14800 cm/sup -1/ assigned to d-d transitions of
      Fe/sup 2+/ in b and c sites, respectively; 19500 and 25500 cm/sup -1/
      assigned to /sup 5/E to /sup 5/A/sub 1/ and /sup 5/B/sub 2/ to /sup
      5/A/sub 1/ d-d transitions of Mn/sup 3+/, respectively.
+
        37/       120
 TI = Thermal deformations and phase transformations in tourmalines
 AU = Filatov, S.K., Gorskaya, M.G., Bolotnikova, N.I. (A.A. Zhdanov Leningrad
      State Univ., USSR)
 SO = Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. (USSR), 594-9, vol.23, no.4, April
      1987
 AB = Various areas of application of tourmaline, especially as piezoelectric
      crystals (space group R3m) for measuring explosion force, make study of
      its behavior in a wide temperature range desirable. The authors used
      thermoradiography to observe phase transformations directly and to
      measure for the first time thermal deformations of tourmalines varying
      in composition. The four specimens studied belong to two isomorphic
      types of tourmalines most widespread in nature, viz. Fe-Mg (schorl
      dravite) and Fe-Li, Al (schorl elbaite).
+
        38/       120
 TI = Color and luminescent properties of minerals in various redox conditions
 AU = Yarovoi, P.N., Medvedev, V.Ya., Ivanova, L.A., Serykh, S.V.
 SO = Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. (Byelorussian SSR), 938-43, vol.46, no.6, June
      1987
 AB = The authors examine the photoluminescence and X-ray luminescence and the
      coloring of such minerals as charoite, nephrite, kanasite, tourmaline,
      and spinel subjected to isothermal holding in hydrothermal conditions at
      high pressure, in various redox conditions. The mineral samples are held
      at P=40-100 MPa H/sub 2/O+10% H/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O+10% O/sub 2/ and
      T=300-500 degrees C. A nitrogen laser is used as the source of
      photoexcitation, and the X rays are generated by means of URS-55A unit.
      The luminescence spectra are recorded using a DMR-23 monochromator, a
      U5-6 amplifier, and in Z-3 automatic recorder, and the lifetime is
      analyzed on an S1-75 oscillograph.
+
        39/       120
 TI = Zonal distribution of tourmaline types in the hydrothermal convective
      system at Novazza (Bergamasc Alps, Northern Italy)
 AU = Fuchs, Y. (Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France)
 SO = C.R. Acad. Sci. II, Mec. Phys. Chim. Sci. Univers Sci. Terre (France),
      1507-10, vol.305, no.19, 14 Dec. 1987
 AB = The volcanogenic deposits of Permian age in the Collio Orobico basin can
      be divided into two major cycles. In Novazza the calderic system formed
      during the first stage shows a resurgent doming at the end of this
      cycle. During this period and during the initial stage of the second
      volcanic cycle a hydrothermal system developed in the resurgent doming
      area. It is characterized by pyrophyllitisation, pervasive
      sericitization and tourmalinisation. The composition of the sericites
      changes from muscovite to a more celadonitic composition along a
      phengitic trend line from the alkali central area toward the outer zone,
      with tourmalines changing from alkali deficient, aluminium rich dravites
      to aluminium poor, weakly alkali deficient schorl or even ferric iron
      tourmalines. The andesitic low depth intrusions belonging to the initial
      phase of the second cycle induce some local variations
      (ferro-muscovites).
+
        40/       120
 TI = The location of boron-containing dust in the lung, utilising
      neutron-induced autoradiography techniques with a CR-39 solid state
      track detector
 AU = Morris, K.J., Batchelor, A.L. (MRC Radiolbiol. Unit, Chilton, UK)
 SO = Phys. Med. Biol. (UK), 1501-8, vol.32, no.11, Nov. 1987
 AB = The authors report two new developments in the use of CR-39 to measure
      boron-containing particles in the lung. In one of these, the relative
      amount of particulate boron located within a lung tissue section can be
      estimated by counting the number of tracks produced by the /sup 10/B (n,
      alpha ) reaction. In the other, a lung section, and the location of
      boron-containing particles within it, can be imaged onto a plate of
      CR-39. Also discussed, as an incidental finding, is a separate technique
      to image a lung tissue section onto a pre-etched CR-39 plate while still
      preserving the original section for staining and histological
      examination. The ultimate aim is to measure the relative mass and
      spatial distribution of tourmaline aggregates in post mortem lungs from
      Cornish tin miners, using a CR-39 homopolymer solid state track detector
      and neutron-induced autoradiography, with subsequent image analysis on a
      Quantimet 720.
+
        41/       120
 TI = Chemistry of the rock-forming silicates: ortho, ring, and single-chain
      structures
 AU = Papike, J.J. (Inst. for the Study of Miner. Deposits, South Dakota Sch.
      of Mines & Technol., Rapid City, SD, USA)
 SO = Rev. Geophys. (USA), 1483-526, vol.25, no.7, Aug. 1987
 AB = The crystal chemistry of 21 ortho, ring, and single-chain silicate
      structures is reviewed. Structure drawings are presented to portray the
      essential crystal chemical features necessary to correctly interpret
      chemical data for each minimal or mineral groups. The group considered
      are olivine, humite, zircon, sphene, garnet, vesuvianite,
      aluminosilicate, topaz, staurolite, chloritoid, epidote, melilite,
      beryl, cordierite, tourmaline, axinite, pyroxene, pyroxenoid, pectolite,
      sapphirine, and aenigmatite. Electron microprobe data for each group can
      be interpreted with various degrees of rigor, depending on whether H/sub
      2/O, Fe/sup 2+//Fe/sup 3+/, and other elements not detect by the
      microprobe are present. Serious mineral chemists are encouraged to
      determine Fe/sup 2+//Fe/sup 3+/ and H/sub 2/O directly. Estimates of
      these values using microprobe data are usually imprecise and can lead to
      serious errors in interpretation of the chemical formula and thus any
      thermodynamic or petrologic inferences that are based on the correct
      formula.
+
        42/       120
 TI = Piezoelectric polymer pressure sensors
 AU = Leaver, P., Cunningham, M.J., Jones, B.E. (Dept. of Electr. Eng.,
      Manchester Univ., UK)
 SO = Sens. Actuators (Switzerland), 225-33, vol.12, no.3, Oct. 1987
 AB = The use of the piezoelectric material polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in
      sensors to measure underwater shock wave pressures is described. Its
      advantages and disadvantages as a sensor material are compared to those
      of conventional tourmaline sensors. Preliminary results from sensors
      using this material are shown to compare well with results from
      tourmaline sensors. Some irregularities are, however, found in the PVDF
      sensor output, but it is anticipated that these can be eliminated by
      improved sensor design.
+
        43/       120
 TI = Discovery of a tungsten-molybdenum-copper mineralization in the Yaudet
      granitic massif in Brittany (France)
 AU = Chauris, L. (Dept. of Sci. de la Terre, Bretagne Univ., Brest, France)
 SO = C.R. Acad. Sci. II, Mec. Phys. Chim. Sci. Univers Sci. Terre (France),
      387-90, vol.305, no.5, 15 July 1987
 AB = The late-magmatic evolution of the Yaudet polyphase pluton, intruded
      into the joining of two systems of perpendicular faults, has led to the
      formation of intra-granitic veins with tourmaline, wolframite,
      scheelite, molybdenite, cholcopyrite. . . and of skarns with diopside,
      grossular, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and scheelite.
+
        44/       120
 TI = Effect of thermal neutron irradiation on the elastic constants of
      tourmaline
 AU = Ozkan, H. (Dept. of Phys., Middle East Tech. Univ., Ankara, Turkey)
 SO = Radiat. Eff. (GB), 31-8, vol.102, no.1-4, 1987
 AB = The effect of thermal neutron irradiation due to the B/sup 10/(n, alpha
      )Li/sup 7/ reaction on the elastic wave velocities and the elastic
      moduli of tourmaline crystals has been studied. Oriented tourmaline
      samples have been irradiated with thermal neutrons to 7.6*10/sup
      18/n/cm/sup 2/ and the elastic wave velocities determined by ultrasonic
      measurements. The elastic wave velocities are not affected by thermal
      neutron irradiation below 8*10/sup 17/n/cm/sup 2/, effects starting to
      appear at approximately 1*10/sup 18/n/cm/sup 2/ with more important
      decreases of the elastic wave velocities and of the bulk moduli at
      fluences of 2.9*10/sup 18/n/cm/sup 2/ and 4*10/sup 18/n/cm/sup 2/. The
      decrease of the bulk moduli of the irradiated tourmalines is compared
      with that of metamict zircons. X-ray diffraction of the irradiated
      specimens indicates that tourmaline remains crystalline up to a thermal
      neutron fluence of 7.6*10/sup 18/n/cm/sup 2/.
+
        45/       120
 TI = International Mineralogical Association Symposium 'Mineralogy and
      Geochemistry of Granites and Pegmatites'
 SO = Geochim. & Cosmochim. Acta (GB), vol.51, no.3, March 1987
 AB = The following topics were dealt with: granites and pegmatites mineralogy
      and geochemistry phase equilibria, vitrophyre, internal differentiation,
      B, P, F, Be, U Lac du Bonnet batholith, igneous history, metamorphic
      effects, fluid overprinting, Spor Mountain, Serra de Estrela, Portugal,
      United States, Canada South Platte, Harney Peak, chemical evolution,
      Calamity Peak, plutons, rhythmic layering, oxide minerals, sulphide
      minerals, Erajarvi area, Finland, columbite-tantalite crystals zoning,
      mica, tourmaline, Bob Ingersoll No.1 Dike, amphiboles zoning, and
      progressive oxidation in Daito-Yokota complex, Japan.
+
        46/       120
 TI = Pyroelectric, dielectric, piezoelectric and electrooptic properties of
      monoclinic nitrilotriacetic acid N(CH/sub 2/COOH)/sub 3/ and
      orthorhombic X/sub 2/Zr(N(CH/sub 2/COO)/sub 3/)/sub 2/.2 H/sub 2/O (X=K,
      Rb, Cs)
 AU = Richter, U., Haussuhl, S. (Inst. fur Kristallographie, Koln Univ.,
      Germany)
 SO = Cryst. Res. & Technol. (Germany), 539-45, vol.22, no.4, April 1987
 AB = Large single crystals of monoclinic nitrilotriacetic acid, N(CH/sub
      2/COOH)/sub 3/, NTA, and of orthorhombic isotypic X/sub 2/Zr(N(CH/sub
      2/COO)/sub 3/)/sub 2/.2 H/sub 2/O (X=K, Rb, Cs) have been grown from
      aqueous solutions. They possess optical quality and have dimensions up
      to 10 mm and larger. The complete dielectric, piezoelectric and
      electrooptic tensors have been determined. The maximum longitudinal and
      transversal piezoelectric effects exceed those of alpha -quartz by
      roughly a factor 11. The pyroelectric effects in NTA and in the X/sub
      2/Zr-salts (X=K, Rb, Cs) are by about a factor 3 larger than that in
      tourmaline, whereas the maximum electrooptic effects amount only to
      about half of that in KH/sub 2/PO/sub 4/. Qualitative measurements of
      the nonlinear optical properties by the aid of a SHG powder test and on
      single crystals revealed effects comparable with those observed in
      LiIO/sub 3/. Phase matching is possible in these compounds. Replacing X
      by NH/sub 4/ or Tl also acentric crystals are obtained with strong polar
      properties.
+
        47/       120
 TI = Variation of the elastic constants of tourmaline with chemical
      composition
 AU = Tatli, A., Ozkan, H. (Dept. of Phys., Middle East Tech. Univ., Ankara,
      Turkey)
 SO = Phys. & Chem. Miner. (Germany), 172-6, vol.14, no.2, 1987
 AB = Elastic wave velocities and lattice parameters of five tourmaline
      specimens with different chemical compositions have been measured. The
      piezoelectric effects on the elastic constants have been found to be
      small and can be neglected. Variations of the elastic wave velocities
      and elastic constants of the different tourmaline specimens indicate
      that: (i) partial substitution of Al by Fe in the structure decreases
      the shear wave velocities, (ii) replacement of Na by Ca increases the
      resistance of the structure against shear deformation involving C/sub
      66/, (iii) replacement of Al by Mg seems to decrease the resistance of
      the structure against longitudinal deformation involving C/sub 33/.
      Elastic constants C/sub 11/, C/sub 33/, C/sub 44/ and C/sub 66/ of the
      different tourmaline specimens used in this study differ individually by
      1.7 percent to 6.7 percent, indicating that the large differences (up to
      21%) between the values reported by previous authors cannot be explained
      in terms of the chemical composition alone.
+
        48/       120
 TI = Fe/sup 2+/-Fe/sup 3+/ interactions in tourmaline
 AU = Mattson, S.M., Rossman, G.R. (Div. of Geol. & Planetary Sci., California
      Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA)
 SO = Phys. & Chem. Miner. (Germany), 163-71, vol.14, no.2, 1987
 AB = The color and spectroscopic properties of iron-bearing tourmalines
      (elbaite, dravite, uvite, schorl) do not vary smoothly with iron
      concentration. Such behavior has often been ascribed to intervalence
      charge transfer between Fe/sup 2+/ and Fe/sup 3+/ which produces a new,
      intense absorption band in the visible portion of the spectrum. In the
      case of tourmaline, an entirely different manifestation of the
      interaction between Fe/sup 2+/ and Fe/sup 3+/ occurs in which the Fe/sup
      2+/ bands are intensified without an intense, new absorption band. At
      low iron concentrations, the intensity of light absorption from Fe/sup
      2+/ is about the same for E//c and E perpendicular to c polarizations,
      but at high iron concentrations, the intensity of the E perpendicular to
      c polarization increases more than ten times as much as E//c. This
      difference is related to intensification of Fe/sup 2+/ absorption by
      adjacent Fe/sup 3+/. Extrapolations indicate that pairs of Fe/sup
      2+/-Fe/sup 3+/ have Fe/sup 2+/ absorption intensity approximately 200
      times as great as isolated Fe/sup 2+/. Enhanced Fe/sup 2+/ absorption
      bands are recognized in tourmaline by their intensity increase at 78 K
      of up to 50%. Enhancement of Fe/sup 2+/ absorption intensity provides a
      severe limitation on the accuracy of determinations of Fe/sup 2+/
      concentration and site occupancy by optical spectroscopic methods.
      Details of the assignment of tourmaline spectra in the optical region
      are reconsidered.
+
        49/       120
 TI = Electrical conductivity of some minerals at high temperature and for
      extended times
 AU = Lastovickova, M. (Geophys. Inst., Czechoslovakia Acad. Sci., Praha,
      Czechoslovakia)
 SO = Phys. Earth & Planet. Inter. (Netherlands), 204-8, vol.45, no.2, March
      1987
 AB = The influence of the time factor on the results of laboratory
      measurements of high-temperature electrical conductivity has been
      studied. The electrical conductivity of tourmaline, muscovite,
      plagioclase, orthoclase, almandine and titanomagnetite was measured in a
      dry regime. Examples of decrease, increase, or no change of conductivity
      are given for temperatures kept constant for a long time. Interpretation
      of some changes of electrical conductivity is discussed.
+
        50/       120
 TI = Effects of temperature and irradiation on piezoelectric acoustic
      transducers and materials
 AU = Broomfield, G.H.
 SO = 37, Dec. 1985
 AB = This report comprises a compilation of lecture notes on the testing,
      selection and application of materials for piezoelectric acoustic
      transducers. The construction of high frequency transducers and the
      effects of irradiation and temperature on types designed for arduous
      service are described. The criteria for assessing piezoelectric
      materials are given as a preamble to a brief discussion of the effects
      on them of temperature and irradiation. These materials include the
      powder-route ceramics, lead metaniobate and lead-zirconate-titanate and
      the single crystal materials, quartz, tourmaline, lithium niobate and
      strontium niobate. Conclusions on the materials are concerned with the
      probable future temperature ranges for their applications.
+
        51/       120
 TI = Accessory minerals in the Oban Massif granitoid plutons of southeastern
      Nigeria-their qualitative and quantitative significance in fertility
      studies
 AU = Odigi, M.I. (Dept. of Geol., Port Harcourt Univ., Nigeria)
 SO = J. Afr. Earth Sci. (GB), 163-6, vol.5, no.2, 1986
 AB = Mineralogical studies show that some of the granitoid intrusives of the
      Oban Massif are characterized by concentrations of halogen bearing
      accessory minerals, topaz, tourmaline, fluorite and apatite, in addition
      to accessory minerals that are contained in 'normal' granites.
      Pegmatitic veins, biotite granites and altered basement mica schist and
      granodiorite are associated with tin-mineralization and halogen bearing
      accessory minerals that influenced mineralization. Hydrothermal fluids
      associated with the vein formation have reacted with the rocks along
      contact zones to produce wall rock alteration involving physical,
      chemical and mineralogical changes. The dispersion of Sn, topaz,
      tourmaline, fluorite and apatite in conjunction with alteration could
      aid in determining ore-bearing potential as well as delineating areas
      suitable for exploration.
+
        52/       120
 TI = Tourmaline is more sensitive than quartz-resonance-free pressure
      transducers
 AU = Vieten, M.
 SO = Elektron. J. (Germany), 28, 30-1, vol.20, no.9, 9 May 1985
 AB = The resonance frequency of the pick-up element is of crucial importance
      for the faithful recording of fast rise times, a sufficiently fast rise
      will cause 'ringing'. Piezoelectric transducers can be improved by
      employing acceleration compensation and reductions in ringing amplitudes
      of up to 70% are attainable. In a further development PCB (Buffalo, USA)
      have introduced a 'frequency-optimized' pressure transducer which reduce
      ringing to as little as 5%. However, even greater improvements are
      possible by employing tourmaline as the pressure-sensitive element.
      Unlike quartz, tourmaline is equally pressure-sensitive in every
      direction and is also completely insensitive to accelerations. This
      means that a much simpler design for pressure transducers is possible.
      The author concludes with examples of available transducers, their
      characteristics and applications.
+
        53/       120
 TI = Luminescence and field emission associated with heating and cooling of
      pyroelectric materials: pyroelectroluminescence
 AU = Nambi, K.S.V., Rao, S.M.D., Chougaonkar, M.P. (Div. of Health Phys.,
      Bhabha Atomic Res. Centre, Bombay, India)
 SO = Nucl. Tracks & Radiat. Meas. (GB), 243-7, vol.10, no.1-2, 1985
 AB = A systematic study has been undertaken on the luminescence and the field
      emission associated with pyroelectric materials during their heating and
      cooling. These may be termed as pyroelectroluminescence (PEL) and
      thermally stimulated field emission (TSFE), respectively. Results are
      presented on various aspects of the PEL as observed on tourmaline,
      lithium niobate and triglycene sulphate as well as on the dosimetry of
      TSFE electrons using CaF/sub 2/ thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters. The
      cooling-induced pyroelectroluminescence (CIPEL) has invariably been
      found to be more reproducible than the luminescence emitted during the
      heating cycle. The recording of the CIPEL glow curves in a conventional
      TL apparatus presents itself to be a case study of 'inverse TL'.
+
        54/       120
 TI = The transitions of Fe/sup 2+/-Fe/sup 3+/ pairs in tourmaline
 AU = Shen Guo-Yin, Wan Ke-Nin, Shang-Bo (Inst. of Solid State Phys., Sichuan
      Teachers Coll., Chengdu, China)
 SO = Acta Phys. Sin. (China), 164-70, vol.34, no.2, Feb. 1985
 AB = Crystal field theory has been used to calculate the spin allowed
      transition of Fe/sup 2+/ ions with 3d/sup 6/ configuration in the two
      substitutional sites of interest in tourmaline, i.e., in b and c-sites
      which have C/sub s/ and C/sub 1/ point group respectively, by using
      Zhao's SCF d-orbit of Fe/sup 2+/ ion. The transition of Fe/sup
      2+/-Fe/sup 3+/ ion pairs, (Fe/sup 2+/(g)-Fe/sup 3+/) to (Fe/sup
      2+/(e)-Fe/sup 3+/) which has not previously been studied, is discussed
      theoretically. An estimate of the magnitude of the intensity of the
      three strongly polarized (E perpendicular to c>>E//c) bands near 9000
      cm/sup -1/, 13800 cm/sup -1/, 15000 cm/sup -1/ in the near-infrared
      region is given. The interpretation of the near-infrared absorption
      spectra of tourmaline is satisfactory.
+
        55/       120
 TI = Dielectric properties of tourmaline
 AU = Enakshi, D., Rao, K.V. (Dept. of Phys., Indian Inst. of Technol.,
      Kharagpur, India)
 SO = Phys. Status Solidi a (Germany), K185-9, vol.87, no.2, 16 Feb. 1985
 AB = Tourmaline is found to exist as a natural mineral with the chemical
      composition XY/sub 3/Al/sub 6/(BO/sub 3/)Si/sub 6/O/sub 18/(OH)/sub 4/
      where X represents Na and Y represents Fe/sup 3+/ in schorlite which is
      one form of tourmaline. It has a complicated chemical structure; it
      crystallises in the ditrigonal, pyramidal class of the hexagonal system
      in prismatic crystals with the trigonal prism dominant. The authors
      report data on the dielectric constant and loss of schorlite which
      occurs commonly in nature in the frequency range 10/sup 2/ to 10/sup 7/
      Hz and in the temperature region 30 to 350 degrees C.
+
        56/       120
 TI = Electrical response of tourmaline rocks to a pressure impulse
 AU = Baird, G.A., Kennan, P.S. (Univ. Coll., Dublin, Ireland)
 SO = Tectonophysics (Netherlands), 147-54, vol.111, no.1-2, 1985
 AB = An extensive volume of Russian research supports the claim that rock
      samples, as distinct from pure crystals, produce a piezoelectric effect
      when strained. This work has been largely ignored in the West with the
      exception of research concerned with earthquake prediction or associated
      phenomena, e.g. earthquake induced light. Quartz is the most common
      piezoelectric mineral found in rocks and the small amount of work
      carried out in the West has involved this mineral. In this note, some
      preliminary studies carried out on rocks rich in tourmaline are
      reported. Preferred poled alignments of tourmaline are indicated.
+
        57/       120
 TI = Glasslike thermal conductivity of tourmaline at low temperatures
 AU = Lawless, W.N., Pandey, R.K. (CeramPhys. Inc., Westerville, OH, USA)
 SO = Solid State Commun. (USA), 833-5, vol.52, no.10, Dec. 1984
 AB = Thermal conductivity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the
      c-axis in tourmaline single crystals are reported in the range of
      1.7-35K. The spontaneous polarization is constrained to the c-axis in
      tourmaline. The thermal conductivity (K) follows the glasslike K varies
      as T/sup 1.9/ below 6K in both crystallographic directions, and the
      magnitude of K is in the upper range found in glasses. It is concluded
      that the glasslike thermal properties associated with the spontaneous
      polarization in ferroelectric-type solids occur isotropically throughout
      the crystal and are not limited to the polarization direction.
+
        58/       120
 TI = Mineralogy and sources of bottom sediments of Lake Burollos, Egypt
 AU = Sabrouti, E. (Faculty of Sci., Alexandria Univ., Alexandria, Egypt)
 SO = J. Afr. Earth Sci. (GB), 151-3, vol.2, no.2, 1984
 AB = Heavy, carbonate and clay mineralogical studies have been carried out on
      sediments of Lake Burollos. Amphibole, pyroxene and epidote are the
      common heavy minerals. Less frequent minerals are garnet, alterite,
      zircon, biotite, tourmaline, rutile and kyanite. There is remarkable
      similarity in heavy mineral assemblage of the lake with that of the
      River Nile. Aragonite is the abundant carbonate mineral for the lake
      sediments with subordinate high Mg-calcite and calcite. The clay mineral
      composition was also studied. The lake sediments are largely contributed
      by the River Nile. The heavy minerals and clay minerals show no distinct
      regional distribution patterns within the lake and the sediments, to a
      great extent, are mineralogically uniform.
+
        59/       120
 TI = Pyroelectroluminescence induced by tourmaline
 AU = Nambi, K.S.V. (Health Phys. Div., Bhabha Atomic Res. Centre, Bombay,
      India)
 SO = Phys. Status Solidi a (Germany), K71-3, vol.82, no.1, 16 March 1984
 AB = The author presents the pyroelectroluminescence (PEL) glow curves from
      an indian pink tourmaline (a) and a Brazilian green tourmaline (b)
      recorded during heating up to 360 degrees C and during cooling to room
      temperature (25 degrees C). Unlike the more familiar thermally
      stimulated luminescence (TSL) glow curves, the PEL glow curves are
      characterised by closely spaced 'light bursts' and this becomes easily
      evident during the cooling-induced luminescence (CIL) especially when
      the cooling proceeds asymptotically to attain the temperature.
+
        60/       120
 TI = X-ray fluorescence analysis of Fe, Mn, Cr and V in natural silicate
      crystals
 AU = Dias, O.L., Pereira Leite Albuquerque, A.R., Isotani, S. (Inst. de
      Fisica, Univ. de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil)
 SO = An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. (Brazil), 173-8, vol.55, no.2, June 1983
 AB = Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr and V were determined in samples of beryl,
      topaz, tourmaline and spodumene by measuring the first order K/sub alpha
      / fluorescence lines. The intensity of these lines were calibrated by
      using beryl as the standard matrix. The matrices were prepared in the
      form of pressed pellets with 4:1 mixture of beryl and boric acid, where
      transition metal oxides were added.
+
        61/       120
 TI = The hydrothermal leaching behaviour and properties of sodium-calcium
      aluminophosphosilicate glasses
 AU = Melling, P.J., Karkhanis, S.N., Fyfe, W.S., Bancroft, G.M. (Chem. Dept.,
      Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada)
 SO = Glass Technol. (GB), 192-7, vol.24, no.4, Aug. 1983
 AB = Glasses based on a mixture of the minerals tourmaline, bentonite, and
      apatite (calcium phosphate) have been prepared. These glasses can be
      tailored to produce leach solutions that will readily precipitate
      apatites and clay minerals or zeolites. The leaching properties of a
      glass containing Cs, Sr, and U have been studied in the presence of a
      geochemical buffer of apatite and bentonite. The leaching of Sr and Cs
      is significantly retarded in the buffer. A nuclear waste form of glass
      of the composition 20CaO-6P/sub 2/O/sub 5/-8B/sub 2/O/sub 3/-10Na/sub
      2/O-34SiO/sub 2/-15Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-3Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/-10CuO with a
      melting temperature of about 1000 degrees C is proposed.
+
        62/       120
 TI = Surface electric fields of tourmaline
 AU = Yamaguchi, S. (Yamaguchi-Lab., Tokyo, Japan)
 SO = Appl. Phys. A (Germany), 183-5, vol.A31, no.4, Aug. 1983
 AB = The N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O, and CO/sub 2/ molecules that have
      condensed on the surface of a pyroelectric tourmaline crystal were
      degassed successively by means of electron bombardment. The temperature
      dependence of the electrostatic field strength on the specimen surface
      was observed by electron diffraction; it decreased as the degassing
      advanced. The tourmaline surface behaved as a gas chromatographic
      adsorbent.
+
        63/       120
 TI = Tourmaline as gas detection sensor
 AU = Yamaguchi, S. (Yamaguchi-Lab., Tokyo, Japan)
 SO = Mater. Chem. & Phys. (Switzerland), 493-8, vol.8, no.5, May 1983
 AB = The phenomenon that the electric poles of pyroelectric tourmaline
      crystals are neutralized by adsorbing gas molecules and ions has been
      used for gas analysis. It has been demonstrated in terms of electron
      diffraction that a tourmaline surface behaves as a gas chromatographic
      sensor.
+
        64/       120
 TI = Temperature dependence of the pyroelectric coefficient of polar
      dielectrics
 AU = Novik, V.K., Bochkov, B.G., Gavrilova, N.D., Drozhdin, S.N.
 SO = Pis'ma v Zh. Tekh. Fiz. (USSR), 988-92, vol.8, no.15-16, Aug. 1982
 AB = The authors measured the pyroelectric coefficients of some classical
      pyroelectrics-tourmaline and some group A/sup II/B/sup VI/ crystals
      (ZnO, CdS, and BeO)-by the static method.
+
        65/       120
 TI = Mechanisms of Nappe emplacement at the southern margin of the Damara
      Orogen (Namibia)
 AU = Weber, K., Ahrendt, H. (Geologisch-Palaontologisches Inst., Gottingen,
      Germany)
 SO = Tectonophysics (Netherlands), 253-74, vol.92, no.1-3, 1983
 AB = The Naukluft nappe complex is exposed approximately 50 km south of the
      present southern margin of the late Precambrian to early Palaeozoic
      Damara Orogen. This nappe complex overlies the autochthonous Nama beds
      which belong to a platform area adjacent to the Damara mobile belt. The
      total displacement from the NW to the SE amounts to 50-80 km. The base
      of the Naukluft nappes is formed by a dolomite horizon ranging in
      thickness between zero and about 30 m. Recent investigations of the
      mineral content, fluid inclusions, grain fabric, and deformation lead to
      the conclusion that continental playa-lake evaporites must be assumed as
      source rocks of this dolomite. This unit, named the 'Sole Dolomite'
      contains 35 different minerals with sparitic dolomite, albite, quartz,
      tourmaline, Mg-riebeckite, talc, and sericite being the main components.
      The Sole Dolomite is interpreted as a discordant intrusion under high
      pore fluid pressure into the base of a nappe sequence. It may be assumed
      that before its lithification the water-rich carbonate mush has acted as
      a lubricant. The final displacement of the nappes with the Sole Dolomite
      at its base must have taken place after lithification of the intrusion.
      Otherwise, the intense low temperature mylonitisation of the
      autochthonous and parautochthonous Nama Limestones cannot be explained
      adequately.
+
        66/       120
 TI = Fluid effects and response in transverse impact on liquid-filled tubes
 AU = Katsamanis, F., Goldsmith, W. (Naval Coll., Athens, Greece)
 SO = Exp. Mech. (USA), 245-55, vol.22, no.7, July 1982
 AB = Two long tubes each of aluminum and polymethyl methacrylate, with two
      different wall thicknesses, were subjected to transverse impact by two
      different steel spheres when in an empty or a fluid-filled condition.
      Water and a high-density electric capacitor liquid were emplaced in the
      interior, usually under stationary, but occasionally under streaming,
      conditions. Input-force history and response of the system at two gage
      stations involving single axial and hoop, as well as coupled symmetric
      and antisymmetric strain histories, were recorded from the response of
      strain gages, while fluid pressures were measured by means of small
      tourmaline crystals suspended at the tube center line. The effect of
      parameter variation in input and system material and geometry on these
      quantities was studied. The measured signal speed and frequency of the
      breathing mode of the system were compared with corresponding analytical
      predictions.
+
        67/       120
 TI = Pyroelectric Li/sub 2/Si/sub 2/O/sub 5/ glass-ceramics
 AU = Gardopee, G.J., Newnham, R.E., Bhalla, A.S. (Materials Res. Lab.,
      Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA)
 SO = Ferroelectrics (GB), 155-63, vol.33, no.1-4, June 1981
 AB = Highly oriented surface layers of lithium disilicate crystals were grown
      by crystallizing glasses of the composition Li/sub 2/O:SiO/sub 2/. The
      thickness of the oriented layer was a function of the thermal treatment.
      The crystallites in these layers were oriented with their c-axis
      perpendicular to the sample surface. These layers were found to be
      pyroelectric as determined by the Chynoweth technique. The pyroelectric
      responses of the glass-ceramics crystallized in a thermal gradient were
      approximately four times larger than that of a tourmaline crystal of
      similar dimensions.
+
        68/       120
 TI = Piezoelectric devices-a step nearer problem-free vibration measurement
 AU = Purdy, D.
 SO = Transducer Technol. (GB), 24-5, vol.3, no.2, Jan. 1981
 AB = Piezoelectric accelerometers have long been established as transducers
      suitable for varied vibration measurement applications. They are self
      generating, compact, responsive to a wide range of amplitudes and
      frequencies, and they also offer rugged and reliable use. The
      piezoelectric accelerometer relies on two main features for its
      operation. The ability of piezoelectric materials to generate a charge
      proportional to their elastic deformation, and a simple mass, spring,
      and damper system, possessing a single degree of freedom. Piezoelectric
      properties can be found either in natural crystalline materials such as
      tourmaline, or they can be introduced into man-made substances. Many
      accelerometers use a proprietary piezoceramic PZT-5A-a modified lead
      zirconate titanate having a much higher charge sensitivity than natural
      crystals, and an upper temperature limit suitable for most requirements.
+
        69/       120
 TI = Experimental cavitation studies in a model head-neck system
 AU = Lubock, P., Goldsmith, W. (Dept. of Mech. Engng., Univ. of California,
      Berkeley, CA, USA)
 SO = J. Biomech. (GB), 1041-52, vol.13, no.12, 1980
 AB = The response of two different fluid-filled head-neck models to impact
      was studied experimentally to provide information concerning the
      validity of the widely prevalent cavitation hypothesis of brain damage.
      The structures consisted of an acrylic spherical shell with an outside
      diameter of about 188 mm and a human calvarium with a clear polyester
      resin occiput, representing the head, each coupled to an articulated
      artificial viscoelastic neck. Transient phenomena were initiated by the
      impact of either cylindrical projectiles fired from a pneumatic gun or
      by the pendulum drop of an aluminum spherical shell onto a small
      truncated aluminum cone attached to the head models. A short
      strain-gaged aluminum cylinder served to measure the input force
      histroy, while the pressure in the brain-simulating fluid was
      ascertained by means of Z-cut tourmaline crystals located along the
      impact axis at the coup, center and contrecoup positions. The occipital
      regions of the models were photographed at framing rates of 4000-8000
      s/sup -1/ to visually examine the cavitation phenomena. Coup, contrecoup
      and resonating cavitation were detected and found to coincide temporally
      with negative pressure transients in both head-neck models. These
      results lend some support to the cavitation theory as a possible
      mechanism for brain damage.
+
        70/       120
 TI = Granitization, tectonic cycles, and tin mineralization
 AU = Mushenko, L.V., Ognyanov, N.V., Razmakhnina, E.M. (Acad. of Sci.,
      Vladivostok, USSR)
 SO = Geol. & Geofiz. (USSR), 77-81, vol.20, no.8, 1979
 AB = Using the example of the major tin regions of Priamur'e a Primor'e this
      article discusses the relationships of mineralization with
      pluton-metamorphism and tectonics. It is shown that areas of development
      of granitoid rocks correspond to dome structures which appear in the
      modern erosion cut as zoned tin-bearing metasomatites. The rear or
      central zone of metasomatites is composed of metasomatic potassium
      granitoids which have been in the process of formation for a long time.
      Commercial deposits are formed against the background of sequential
      metasomatic processes due to repeated mineral substitutions with the
      gradual accumulation of Sn in the latest rock-forming minerals (biotite
      and tourmaline) and its subsequent liberation. In the opinion of the
      authors, the change in mineralization and the growth of domes are caused
      by the tectonic conditions of compression and expansion with the
      appearance in each phase of minerals of different structural looseness (
      omega ) and energy stability.
+
        71/       120
 TI = Electroelastic effect in tourmaline
 AU = Kittinger, E., Seil, K., Tichy, J. (Inst. of Experimental Phys., Univ.
      of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria)
 SO = Z. Naturforsch. A (Germany), 1352-4, vol.34A, no.11, Nov. 1979
 AB = Measuring the electric field induced frequency shift of tourmaline
      resonators, the electroelastic constants g/sub 311/ and delta /sub 333/
      are determined. These constants may be interpreted as describing either
      the electric field dependence of an elastic constant or the stress
      (strain) dependence of a piezoelectric constant. Fields up to about
      3*10/sup 6/ V/m were used. Within this range the effect is linear and is
      of the same order as in alpha -quartz.
+
        72/       120
 TI = Mossbauer studies of structural features in tourmaline of various
      genesis
 AU = Korovushkin, V.V., Kuzmin, V.I., Belov, V.F. (Ministry of Geology,
      Bolshaya Grusinskaya, Moscow, USSR)
 SO = Phys. & Chem. Miner. (Germany), 209-20, vol.4, no.3, 1979
 AB = Nuclear gamma ray (Mossbauer) spectroscopy (ngr) was used to examine 114
      samples of tourmaline from different deposits. The absorption curve
      shape of the ngr spectra was found to depend not only on tourmaline
      composition, but also on the character of cation distribution in the
      crystal structure. The complex superpositional nature of the spectra
      corresponds to a statistical distribution of iron ions, whereas a
      minimum number of doublets is observed in an ordered distribution of
      these ions in the structure. The existence of nonequivalent Fe sites
      with statistical cation distribution in Y and Z positions was confirmed
      by experiments on iron oxidation in tourmaline, temperature studies of
      quadrupole splitting, and probability analysis of formation of
      nonequivalent sites in accordance with the tourmaline structure.
+
        73/       120
 TI = An NGR observation of proton jumps in tourmaline
 AU = Pollak, H., Quartier, R., Dauwe, C., Danon, J. (Dept. de Phys., Univ.
      Nat. du Zaire, Kinshasa, Zaire)
 SO = J. Phys. Colloq. (France), C2/480, vol.40, no.C-2, pt.3, March 1979
 AB = Summary form only given, substantially as follows. In tourmaline the
      three M-sites share two by two a common edge, thus giving rise to a
      common oxygen ion (common point CP). Using symmetry considerations
      hydroxyl groups should be disposed as follows: a group at CP and three
      groups in the basic plane, such as to respect the trigonal
      configuration. Tourmaline commonly contains ferrous as well as ferric
      ions. The special investigated specimen only contains ferrous ones. With
      increasing temperature spectra, which at liquid helium display a
      quadrupole doublet, characteristic for a ferrous ion in octahedral
      symmetry, show shoulders on the inner sides of the doublet. As the
      temperature still increases, new lines appear with a much smaller
      quadrupole splitting but with quite the same isomeric shift. As their
      quadrupole splittings show a decrease from He 4K to 600K toward nearly
      one half the original value, they should be attributed to the same
      ferrous ions in a trans-octahedral site. A proton jump could be the
      cause of the observed phenomenon.
+
        74/       120
 TI = Elastic constants of tourmaline
 AU = Ozkan, H. (Dept. of Phys., Middle East Tech. Univ., Ankara, Turkey)
 SO = J. Appl. Phys. (USA), 6006-8, vol.50, no.9, Sept. 1979
 AB = Elastic constants of tourmaline crystals of known chemical composition
      have been measured by the ultrasonic phase-comparison method. The values
      in 10/sup 12/ dyn/cm/sup 2/ are C/sub 11/=3.050, C/sub 33/=1.764, C/sub
      44/=0.648, C/sub 66/=0.984, C/sub 14/=-0.06, and C/sub 13/=0.51. The
      Debye temperature of the tourmaline derived from the elastic constants
      is 785K.
+
        75/       120
 TI = Raman spectra of tourmaline
 AU = Alvarez, M.A., Coy-Yll, R. (Geology Dept., Univ. of Sevilla, Sevilla,
      Spain)
 SO = Spectrochim. Acta Vol. A (GB), 899-908, vol.34A, no.9, 1978
 AB = Four single crystals of tourmaline lying within the elbaite:
      Na(Li,Al)/sub 3/Al/sub 6/B/sub 3/Si/sub 6/O/sub 27/(OH,F)/sub 4/-schorl:
      Na(Fe/sup 2+/)/sub 3/Al/sub 6/B/sub 3/Si/sub 6/O/sub 27/(OH,F)/sub 4/
      series have been studied. The spectra were recorded at the 100-1200
      cm/sup -1/ region. From a dynamical point of view it appears that
      tourmaline structure can not be subdivided in separate vibrational
      units. It is emphasized that tourmaline must be considered as a
      framework lattice.
+
        76/       120
 TI = The elastic constants of iron tourmaline (schorl)
 AU = Helme, B.G., King, P.J. (Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Nottingham,
      Nottingham, England)
 SO = J. Mater. Sci. (GB), 1487-9, vol.13, no.7, July 1978
 AB = 110 MHz and 1 GHz pulse echo methods have ben used to determine the room
      temperature elastic constants of schorl tourmaline characterized by wet
      chemical and X-ray analyses.
+
        77/       120
 TI = Experimental study of granitic rocks of Darjeeling (West Bengal, India)
      and its application to the origin of Himalayan granites
 AU = Ghose, N.C., Singh, N.K. (Dept. of Geology, Patna Univ., Patna, India)
 SO = Tectonophysics (Netherlands), 23-40, vol.43, no.1-2, 15 Nov. 1977
 AB = Phase relationships of a granite and a gneiss from Darjeeling have been
      determined at 4 and 7 kbar pressure in the presence of excess water. The
      new data demonstrate that crystal-liquid equilibria played a dominant
      role in the formation of magmas of granodiorite to granite to pegmatite,
      the sequence of which is also established in the field. The anatectic
      magma left behind a more desiccated refractory rock now occurring as
      hornblende or pyroxene granulites. The granites of the Lower Himalaya
      are formed relatively at a lower temperature and pressure than the
      younger leucocratic tourmaline granites of the Higher Himalaya.
+
        78/       120
 TI = Anomalous pyroelectric behavior in the leaves of the palm-like plant
      Encephalartos Villosus
 AU = Lang, S.B., Athenstaedt, H. (Dept. of Chem. Engng., Ben-Gurion Univ. of
      Negev, Beersheva, Israel)
 SO = Ferroelectrics (GB), 511-19, vol.17, no.3-4, 1978
 AB = Quantitative pyroelectric measurements were made on the epidermis of the
      leaves of the palm-like plant Encephalartos Villosus. The average value
      of the pyroelectric coefficient was 0.0129+or-0.0043 mu C m/sup -2/
      K/sup -1/ at 298K, about two orders of magnitude smaller than that of
      tourmaline. Imposition of a DC bias electric field of 2.7 kV cm/sup -1/
      increased the pyroelectric coefficients by a factor of between 10 and
      50. Applications of fields as great as 18.2 kV cm/sup -1/ did not
      reverse the polarity of the samples, proving that the material is not
      ferroelectric. The bias field-induced pyroelectric effect was explained
      by means of a non-linear theory. A stress-induced non-linear
      pyroelectric effect was also observed.
+
        79/       120
 TI = Microwave acoustic relaxation absorption in iron tourmaline
 AU = Helme, B.G.M., King, P.J. (Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Lancaster,
      Lancaster, England)
 SO = J. Phys. (France), 1535-40, vol.38, no.12, Dec. 1977
 AB = Microwave acoustic absorption measurements have been made on dark green
      schorlite tourmaline at 580 MHz and 1.03 GHz and as a function of
      temperature between 1.5K and 300K. In addition to thermal-phonon
      attenuation, two large low temperature peaks are found. These peaks are
      most pronounced for transverse wave propagation and are found together
      or individually, depending on the mode propagated. The data has been
      analysed on a simple relaxation model and energy level separations of
      14.4+or-0.2 cm/sup -1/ and 42.2+or-0.6 cm/sup -1/ have been deduced from
      the form of the two absorption peaks. These figures are confirmed by
      far-infrared spectroscopy. It is tentatively suggested that the peaks
      may be caused by Fe/sup 2+/ ions on distorted octahedral sites.
+
        80/       120
 TI = Investigations on the formation of tracks in crystals
 AU = Sigrist, A., Balzer, R. (Lab. fur Kernphys., Eidgenossische Tech.
      Hochschule, Switzerland)
 SO = Radiat. Eff. (GB), 75-6, vol.34, no.1-3, 1977
 AB = The minimal energy loss (dE/d xi )/sub k/ (MeV cm/sup 2//mg) for the
      formation of a track in an insulator has been determined for mica,
      tourmaline, quartz glass, quartz crystal, lithium niobate and beryl. The
      investigations show that the (dE/d xi )/sub k/ value of a track detector
      can be roughly estimated from the thermal conductivity of the given
      material.
+
        81/       120
 TI = Structural mechanism of pyroelectricity in tourmaline
 AU = Donnay, G. (Dept. of Geological Sci., McGill Univ., Montreal, Quebec,
      Canada)
 SO = Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A (Denmark), 927-32, vol.A33, pt.6, 1 Nov. 1977
 AB = Pyroelectricity in tourmaline, known since antiquity, was ascribed by
      von Boguslawski to a charged, asymmetric, anharmonic oscillator based on
      the Einstein model of a crystal. His predicted values of the
      pyroelectric coefficient k were in good agreement with Ackermann's
      measurements in the range 200-400K. Boguslawski's model has been tested
      by refining the structure, at 193 and 293K, on a sphere of gem-quality
      elbaite. The pyroelectric effect is due primarily to the asymmetric
      anharmonic vibrations of O(1), the oxygen atom of point symmetry 3m
      which has a polar environment. Its centre of gravity moves 0.005 AA from
      193 to 293K. It is the only atom with a displacement well above
      experimental uncertainty.
+
        82/       120
 TI = Fission track etching and annealing of tourmaline
 AU = Lal, N., Parshad, R., Nagpaul, K.K. (Dept. of Phys., Kurukshetra Univ.,
      Kurukshetra, India)
 SO = Nucl. Track Detect. (GB), 145-8, vol.1, no.2, June 1977
 AB = The annealing behaviour of fission tracks is an important parameter to
      make the fission track dates of any mineral to be meaningful. After the
      etching conditions of tourmaline were established by Fleischer and Price
      (1964), no fission track worker has reported about the thermal
      retentivity of fission tracks in tourmaline, which forms the subject
      matter of the present note and where etching conditions are different
      from those reported by Fleischer and Price (1964).
+
        83/       120
 TI = Mineralogy of beach and dune sands of Morgim-Arambol beach on Goa coast
 AU = Kidwai, R.M., Wagle, B.G. (Nat. Inst. of Oceanography, Dona Paula,
      India)
 SO = Indian J. Mar. Sci., 128-30, vol.4, no.2, Dec. 1975
 AB = Mineralogic studies of the sand of dune and beach at Morgim-Arambol
      indicate that opaques, garnet, staurolite, epidote, chlorite,
      bluish-green hornblende, tourmaline, augite-diopside, hypersthene and
      zircon are the principal heavy minerals. Three mineral associations are
      recognized on the basis of their relative abundance and distribution on
      the beach: (i) garnet-epidote-staurolite rich association, (ii)
      garnet-epidote-staurolite-chlorite rich association, and (iii)
      opaque-garnet-zircon rich association. As the sediments are texturally
      similar throughout the beach and as there is no marked areal
      mineralogical sorting of the size, shape and specific gravity, this
      mineral distribution appears to be controlled by the variations in
      source rocks in the drainage basins of the rivers.
+
        84/       120
 TI = Investigation of the formation of tracks in crystals
 AU = Sigrist, A., Balzer, R. (Lab. fur Kernphys., ETH, Zurich, Switzerland)
 SO = Helv. Phys. Acta (Switzerland), 49-64, vol.50, no.1, 4 Feb. 1977
 AB = The minimal energy loss (dE/d xi )/sub k/ (MeV.cm/sup 2/.mg/sup -1/) for
      the formation of a track in an insulator has been determined for mica,
      tourmaline, quartz glass, quartz crystal, lithium niobate and beryl. The
      investigations show that the (dE/d xi )/sub k/-value of a track detector
      can be roughly estimated from the thermal conductivity of the given
      material.
+
        85/       120
 TI = Etch figures and crystal structures
 AU = Wooster, W.A. (Brooklyn Crystallographic Lab., Cambridge Univ.,
      Cambridge, England)
 SO = Krist. & Tech. (Germany), 615-23, vol.11, no.6, 1976
 AB = The etch figures on some of the naturally occurring faces of crystals of
      sodium chloride, cuprite, alpha-quartz, tourmaline and topaz are
      compared with the atomic arrangements on the etched surfaces. The etch
      figures are influenced in their shape and orientation relative to the
      natural faces by a number of factors. One of these factors is the
      crystal structure. In every example of an etched pit bounded by straight
      edges, it was found that there exists in the crystal structure a
      continuous chain of relatively strong inter-atomic bonds, running
      parallel to the straight edge. The study of tourmaline indicates the
      direction in which all the SiO/sub 4/ tetrahedra are pointing relative
      to the external form.
+
        86/       120
 TI = Ceramic models for study of piezoelectricity in solids (bone and tendon)
 AU = Williams, W.S., Breger, L., Johnson, M. (Materials Res. Lab., Univ. of
      Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA)
 SO = J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (USA), 415-17, vol.58, no.9-10, Sept.-Oct. 1975
 AB = The piezoelectric behavior of certain biological materials (bone and
      tendon) was studied by comparing them with well-understood piezoelectric
      ceramics (quartz and tourmaline). The results show that, whereas the
      ceramic model materials conform to the standard theory of the
      piezoelectricity in both compression and bending, the organic materials
      deviate quantitatively and qualitatively in bending. An extension of the
      formal theory is developed to include a polarization proportional to the
      gradient of the stress and yields predictions in accord with the
      experimental findings for bone and tendon. Implications for transducers
      competing with electrical ceramics are noted.
+
        87/       120
 TI = Effects of gamma-irradiation on the ultrasonic attenuation in quartz and
      tourmaline at low temperatures
 AU = Thuraisingham, M.S., Stephens, R.W.B. (Imperial Coll., London, England)
 SO = Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Internal Friction and
      Ultrasonic Attenuation in Crystalline Solids, 308-13, X+458, 1975
 PU = Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
 AB = The overall attenuation behaviour for both quartz tourmaline has been
      found to follow closely the predictions of Silverman's theory (1968).
      The results appear to confirm his basic postulate that the effect of
      irradiation is to introduce scattering centres into the crystal and
      lower the thermal phonon relaxation time, thereby influencing the
      ultrasonic attenuation. Furthermore, the power law relating attenuation
      and temperature has been shown to be influenced by irradiation. The
      associated velocity changes that were observed appear to suggest that
      the attenuation is influenced via the elastic properties of the crystal.
+
        88/       120
 TI = Gamma ray irradiation induced changes in the color of tourmalines
 AU = Nassau, K. (Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ, USA)
 SO = Am. Mineral. (USA), 710-13, vol.60, no.7-8, July-Aug. 1975
 AB = Color changes were observed on gamma ray irradiation of over 500
      colorless, pink, blue, and green tourmalines. The only significant
      changes observed were the development or intensification of pink or the
      development of yellow superimposed on the preexisting color. Irradiation
      and heating indicates the possibility of at least seven causes of pink
      and two causes of yellow colors in tourmaline; some of these colors are
      stable to heat, and some are not. This complexity may explain the
      diversity of previous assignments for the origin of the pink color.
+
        89/       120
 TI = Synthesis of tourmaline in chloride media. II
 AU = Voskresenskaya, I.E., Kovyzhenko, N.A., Shternberg, A.A. (Inst. of
      Crystallography, Acad. of Sci., USSR)
 SO = Kristallografiya (USSR), 210-13, vol.20, no.1, Jan.-Feb. 1975
 AB = For pt.I see ibid., vol.18, p.562, 1974. Following work on Mg and Fe
      tourmalines, the growth of Co, Ni, Cr and Mn tourmalines of various
      colours in highly concentrated chloride media is described. Refractive
      indices, lattice spacings and X-ray line diagrams are given.
+
        90/       120
 TI = Isomorphous impurities and free radical formation in minerals (electron
      centers and hole centers)
 AU = Marfunin, A.S. (Inst. de Geologie des Gites Mineraux, Acad. des Sci.,
      Moscow, USSR)
 SO = Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. & Crystallogr. (France), 194-201, vol.97, no.2,
      March-Oct. 1974
 AB = As far as trace elements are concerned, all natural minerals are solid
      solutions. Substitutional impurities (and interstitial impurities and
      vacancies) are point defects that capture electrons of holes during
      natural or artificial irradiation. A great number of centers were found
      in minerals by using paramagnetic electronic resonance. Models of these
      centers are definitely elucidated. The centers are widely present in
      rock forming minerals: feldpsars, quartz, zircon, phenacite, topaz,
      euclase, kyanite, beryl, sodalite, lazurite, danburite, datolite,
      tourmaline, apatite, amblygonite, anhydrite, barytite, celestite,
      calcite, aragonite, etc. Periodic systems of these centers in minerals
      and inorganic compounds are proposed. A review of the models of centers
      and of their petrological applications is given.
+
        91/       120
 TI = Pyroelectric properties of tourmaline and cancrinite crystals in a wide
      range of temperatures
 AU = Drozhdin, S.N., Novik, V.K., Koptsik, V.A., Kobyakov, I.B. (M.V.
      Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Moscow, USSR)
 SO = Fiz. Tverdogo Tela (USSR), 3266-9, vol.16, no.11, Nov. 1974
 AB = Measurements of the pyroelectric coefficients of tourmaline and
      cancrinite crystals between 4.2 and 300K showed an unusual change of
      sign at 18K for tourmaline and 56K for cancrinite. Possible mechanisms
      are discussed.
+
        92/       120
 TI = Manganese ion site distribution studies in tourmaline by anomalous X-ray
      scattering methods
 AU = Johnston, J.H., Duncan, J.F. (Dept. of Chem., Victoria Univ. of
      Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand)
 SO = J. Appl. Crystallogr. (Denmark), 469-72, vol.8, pt.4, 1 Aug. 1975
 AB = The Mn/sup 3+/ site distribution in a manganese-containing tsilaisite
      tourmaline sample has been determined as 46+or-3 wt.% in the larger Y
      octahedral sites and 54+or-3 wt.% in the smaller Z octahedral sites. For
      this, a novel application of anomalous X-ray scattering techniques, in
      conjunction with the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction procedure, has
      been used. This method appears to be versatile and applicable to many
      different elements.
+
        93/       120
 TI = Microsonic attenuation studies of tourmaline
 AU = Helme, B.G.M., King, P.J. (Univ. Lancaster, England)
 SO = Satellite Symposium of the 8th International Congress on Acoustics on
      Microwave Acoustics, 109-12, x+218, 1974
 PU = Univ. Lancaster, Lancaster, England
 AB = With the exception of the longitudinal wave propagating in the direction
      of the c axis all the acoustic modes investigated were found to be
      affected by broad relaxation peaks. These peaks extended in some cases
      to room temperatures and would adversely affect the performance of
      tourmaline as a low loss device material. The evidence is strongly in
      favour of the peaks being due to iron since they are not present in low
      iron Dravite and the other paramagnetic impurities are present in
      quantities likely to give the large effects observed. The analysis of
      the peaks indicates that the relaxation is dominated by indirect
      processes except at the lowest temperatures. From the relaxation times,
      positions for excited states are found which are in good agreement with
      those from infra-red data although the low lying levels involved may not
      be the same in each case.
+
        94/       120
 TI = Underwater impulse measurements
 AU = Levin, P.A.
 SO = Bruel & Kjaer Tech. Rev. (Denmark), 3-13, no.4, 1974
 AB = Investigates the ability of hydrophones to measure shock waves generated
      by explosives. The peak pressures and decay rates obtained from time
      histories of shock waves registered on the oscilloscope from the
      hydrophones are used to compute the energy flux density and impulse per
      unit area. The results are in good agreement with those obtained from a
      tourmaline transducer normally used for shock measurements.
+
        95/       120
 TI = Nonequivalent positions of the iron ions and electron-nuclear
      interaction in tourmaline
 AU = Belov, V.F., Korovushkin, V.V., Belov, A.F., Korneev, E.V., Zheludev,
      I.S. (Inst. Crystallography, Acad. Sci., Moscow, USSR)
 SO = Fiz. Tverdogo Tela (USSR), 2410-11, vol.16, no.8, Aug. 1974
 AB = A study of the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting of the
      Mossbauer spectrum of tourmaline is consistent with a structural model
      in which the Fe/sup 2+/ ions occupy inequivalent sites in Mg or Al
      octahedra.
+
        96/       120
 TI = Single crystal growth and optical, elastic, and piezoelectric properties
      of polar magnesium barium fluoride
 AU = Recker, K., Wallrafen, F., Haussuhl, S. (Univ. Bonn, Germany)
 SO = J. Cryst. Growth (Netherlands), 97-100, vol. 26, no. 1, Nov. 1974
 AB = Single crystals of MgBaF/sub 4/ of optical quality with dimensions up to
      4 cm have been grown by both Bridgman and Czochralski techniques.
      Optically clear single cyrstals of MgF/sub 2/ and BaF/sub 2/ were used
      in stoichiometric ratio as initial ingots yielding untwinned crystals
      fully transparent in the range from 180 to 8000 nm. Optical, dielectric,
      elastic, thermoelastic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and thermal
      properties have been measured. MgBaF/sub 4/ crystals show unusual strong
      anisotropic effects. The material exhibits a longitudinal piezoelectric
      effect about four times higher than quartz. Also a strong pyroelectric
      effect is observed about ten times larger than in tourmaline. The
      crystals are suited for ultrasonic and pyroelectric devices, such as
      generators and sensors.
+
        97/       120
 TI = Pyroelectricity: a 2300-year history
 AU = Lang, S.B. (Univ. Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel)
 SO = Ferroelectrics (GB), 231-4, vol.7 no.1-4, 1974
 AB = The first description of the pyroelectric effect, probably as observed
      in tourmaline, was published by Theophrastus in about 300 B.C.
      Pyroelectricity was 'rediscovered' by Dutch gem cutters in 1703 and the
      first scientific investigation was published by Aepinus about 50 years
      later. A number of qualitative investigations were made in the latter
      half of the 18th century, to be followed by many sophisticated
      quantitative studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The
      highlights of the history of pyroelectricity prior to 1960 are described.
+
        98/       120
 TI = Synthesis of tourmaline in chloride media. I
 AU = Voskresenskaya, I.E., Shternberg, A.A. (Inst. Crystallography, Acad.
      Sci., USSR)
 SO = Kristallografiya (USSR), 888-90, vol.18, no.4, July-Aug. 1973
 AB = Al, Li, Mg and Fe tourmaline crystals were grown by mixing oxides and
      hydroxides to the required composition and heating in ampoules at 750
      and 800 degrees C and 5-8 kbar for 2-3 hours. Prismatic crystals 0.5-1.5
      mm in size were produced. Somewhat larger crystals were obtained by
      adding quartz and corundum, boric acid, sodium chloride and crystal
      hydrates of other chlorides together with seed crystals of the
      tourmaline.
+
        99/       120
 TI = Temperature dependence of domains and visibility of inhomogeneities of
      single crystals by cathodoluminescence (SEM)
 AU = Blaschke, R., Brocker, W., Seidel, P. (Univ. Munster, Germany)
 SO = Joint Session on Electron Microscopy (abstracts only received), 26, 103
      pp, 1973
 PU = Liege Univ., Liege, Belgium
 AB = C.L. equipment and the cooling/heating state on STEREOSCAN Mk II were
      used to investigate the reversible growth, migration and involution of
      domains near the low temperature transition point of sodium niobate. In
      spite of a reliable temperature control of the sample holder there are
      differences in the transition temperature of single crystals compared to
      those determined by X-ray methods. During cooling an increase in
      cathodoluminescence yield of about 100 percent at -170 degrees C,
      compared with +20 degrees C was observed. Lamellae in low-quartz zonar
      composition and radiation damage of tourmaline, decomposition of
      lanthanium borate into two coherent phases, inclusion of perovskite in
      YAl-garnets and the increasing of C.L. yield and C.L. life-time of
      feldspar at low temperatures were also observed.
+
       100/       120
 TI = Stereographic projections of surfaces for the physical properties of
      crystals
 AU = Butabaev, Sh.M., Sirotin, Yu.I. (M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Univ.,
      USSR)
 SO = Kristallografiya (USSR), 195-7, vol.18, no.1, Jan.-Feb. 1973
 AB = A method is given of drawing indicative surfaces to indicate the
      anisotropy in physical proportion of crystals, e.g. thermal expansion,
      piezoelectric effect. Diagrams are shown for aragonite and tourmaline.
+
       101/       120
 TI = Nuclear magnetic resonance of /sup 1/H, /sup 7/Li, /sup 11/B, /sup 23/Na
      and /sup 27/Al in tourmaline (elbaite)
 AU = Tsang, T., Ghose, S. (NASA, Greenbelt, Md., USA)
 SO = Am. Mineral. (USA), 224-9, vol.58, no.3-4, March-April 1973
 AB = /sup 1/H resonance indicates the presence of (OH) groups, but no water
      molecules. /sup 7/Li resonance indicates a quadrupole coupling constant
      mod e/sup 2/qQ/h mod =0.16 MHz, and a pseudotetragonal symmetry for the
      Li/sup +/ ion occurring at the 9(b) site; the axis of distortion is
      approximately 45 degrees off the c-axis and coincides approximately with
      the octahedral O/sub 1/-Li-O/sub 3/ direction. The /sup 11/B resonances
      clearly show the triangular BO/sub 3/ coordination with little deviation
      from three-fold symmetry at the boron site; the quadrupole coupling
      constant, mod e/sup 2/qQ/h mod =2.76+or-0.08 MHz is comparable to values
      obtained for /sup 11/B in BO/sub 3/ triangles found in other borate
      minerals. The B-O bond is highly covalent. The /sup 23/Na central
      transitions are unshifted within experimental errors; thus the
      quadrupole coupling constant is small (<0.2 MHz). The /sup 27/Al
      satellites were broad and overlapping. For /sup 27/Al in the distorted
      octahedral 18(c) sites, the quadrupole coupling constant is estimated to
      be approximately 6 MHz. Weak and broad satellite signals suggest cation
      disorders or twinned domains for tourmaline.
+
       102/       120
 TI = Microwave ultrasonic attenuation in topaz, beryl, and tourmaline
 AU = Lewis, M.F., Patterson, E. (General Electric Co. Ltd., Wembley, England)
 SO = J. Appl. Phys. (USA), 10-13, vol.44, no.1, Jan. 1973
 AB = Microwave ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been made on single
      crystals of topaz, beryl, and tourmaline, and all are found to exhibit
      very low losses. The room-temperature attenuation coefficients are
      consistent with the Akhiezer mechanism which arises from interactions
      between the ultrasonic wave and the thermal-phonon assembly.
+
       103/       120
 TI = g=4.3 Isotropic e.p.r. line in tourmaline
 AU = Ja, Y.H. (Univ. Sydney, Australia)
 SO = J. Chem. Phys. (USA), 3020-2, vol. 57, no. 7, 1 Oct. 1972
 AB = An isotropic EPR line with g=4.302+or-0.006 was found in a natural
      single crystal of tourmaline. This line can be ascribed to the impurity
      Fe/sup 3+/, occupying a host site with the axial field parameter D=0 and
      the rhombic field parameter E>>h nu . After an inspection of the
      environments of different host-cation sites, it is believed that Fe/sup
      3+/ ion replacement of the B/sup 3+/ host site is most likely
      responsible for this isotropic line.
+
       104/       120
 TI = Assessment of tourmaline as an acoustic-surface-wave-delay medium
 AU = Lewis, M.F., Patterson, E. (GEC Ltd., Wembley, England)
 SO = Appl. Phys. Lett. (USA), 275-6, vol. 20, no. 8, 15 April 1972
 AB = Measurements and calculations have shown tourmaline to be a useful
      surface-acoustic-wave-delay medium. In particular, its combination of
      high velocity and very low propagation losses, together with a moderate
      piezoelectric coupling strength, makes it suitable for use at higher
      frequencies than are feasible with quartz or LiNbO/sub 3/.
+
       105/       120
 TI = Measurement of the pyrocoefficient in the 40 to 600 C temperature range
 AU = Karyakina, N.F., Novik, V.K., Gavrilova, N.D. (Moscow State Univ., USSR)
 SO = Pribory Tekh. Eksp. (USSR), 227-30
 AB = A high-temperature thermostat and a method of measuring the
      pyrocoefficient are described. Results are given of the measurement of
      the pyrocoefficient of natural rose tourmaline in the temperature range
      40 to 600 degrees C, which coincide with data obtained by other authors.
+
       106/       120
 TI = Magnetic susceptibility and triangular exchange coupling in the
      tourmaline mineral group
 AU = Tsang, T., Thorpe, A.N., Donnay, G., Senftle, F.E. (Howard Univ.,
      Washington, D.C., USA)
 SO = J. Phys. & Chem. Solids (GB), 1441-8, vol.32, no.7, July 1971
 AB = Magnetic susceptibilities of three iron-rich tourmaline crystals from
      Mexquitic (Mexico), Pierpont(New York), and Madagascar with different
      and known chemical compositions have been studied from 8 degrees to 300
      degrees K. The iron atoms in the tourmaline crystal structure, space
      group R3m, a approximately 15.9, c approximately 7.2AA, are situated at
      the three corners of an equilateral triangle and are close enough for
      magnetic exchange interaction. For buergerite, the Mexquitic sample, the
      susceptibility data lead to an exchange constant J/k of 7.5 degrees K.
      Although the amount of aluminum would be sufficient to fill point
      position 18(c) exactly, the magnetic data are consistent with some
      substitution of ferric iron for aluminum, as previously determined from
      X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. Some aluminum thus replaces iron
      in position 9(b). Exchange constants were also estimated for the other
      two magnesium-iron specimens, of which the Madagascar sample is aluminum
      deficient. The results agree with the evidence from optical spectra that
      there is considerable deviation from octahedral symmetry in the oxygen
      coordination polyhedra about the 9(b) and 18(c) point positions.
+
       107/       120
 TI = Preparation of thin foils of diamond by a fracture technique
 AU = Ritter, G.J., Murphy, R.J. (Nat. Phys. Res. Lab., Pretoria, South
      Africa)
 SO = Proceedings of the 7th international congress on electron microscopy,
      331-2, xxxii+674, 1970
 PU = Soc. Francaise de Microscopie Electroniques, Paris, France
 AB = The preparation of electron microscope samples from a specimen in which
      the material of interest is in the form of transparent micro- inclusions
      in a polished face of a mineralogical specimen presents a number of
      problems. A method which makes use of the focused output from a laser to
      initiate fracture in such inclusions or in isolated grains has been
      successfully applied to prepare electron microcope samples from a number
      of minerals including diamond, zircon and tourmaline. Graphite is formed
      about the focal spot located inside the diamond when laser pulses with
      peak powers of 3-4 MW and half intensity widths of about 80 nanoseconds
      from a Q-switched laser are used.
+
       108/       120
 TI = Measurement of particle velocity at a shock front in water with a laser
      Doppler meter
 AU = Anderson, R.E., Edlund, C.E., Vanzant, B.W. (Southern Res. Inst., San
      Antonio, Tex., USA)
 SO = J. Appl. Phys. (USA), 2741-3, vol. 42, no. 7, June 1971
 AB = A laser Doppler meter was used to detect particle motion in tap water
      due to the passage of an explosively generated shock front. It was not
      necessary to introduce foreign particles or dust in the region of
      observation to serve as scattering centres. Optics of the system were
      aligned such that particle motion was monitored in only small volume
      rather than over the entire ray path length. Particle velocities
      measured with the Doppler system were in agreement with those calculated
      from the response of a standard tourmaline piezoelectric pressure gauge
      placed adjacent to the region on which the Doppler meter was focused.
+
       109/       120
 TI = A new crystal habit of tourmaline
 AU = De Camargo, W.G.R., Souza, I.M. (Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil)
 SO = An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc., 219-22, vol.42, no.2, 1970
 AB = Tourmaline crystallized as porphyroblasts embedded into a chloriteschist
      is investigated. The crystals which are not oriented according to the
      schistosity of matrix rock, have dimensions of a few centimeters, dark
      color, strong pleochroism in thin section, and indices of refraction
      omega =1.652: epsilon =1.631. The main crystal forms are (1 0 1 0), (0 1
      1 0), (1 0 1 2) and (1 0 1 2 ), the latter being responsible for the
      pseudomonoclinic habit of the individuals, which are roughly resembling
      to amphibole crystals. The unit cell, as measured by the X-ray
      diffraction powder technique has the following dimensions: a/sub
      o/=15.96+or-0.01 AA and c/sub o/=7.209+or-0.003 AA, with an axial ratio
      of c/a=0.4517. The crystallographic data, together with the optical
      properties, classify the tourmaline as dravite.
+
       110/       120
 TI = On the dichroism of tourmaline
 AU = Townsend, M.G. (Dept. Energy, Mines, Resources, Ottawa, Canada)
 SO = J. Phys. Chem. Solids (GB), 2481-8, vol.31, no.11, Nov. 1970
 AB = The dichroism of tourmaline arises partially from charge-transfer
      transitions within next-nearest neighbour cations through shared
      octahedral edges in the 001 layer. Similar structural features occur in
      the sheet silicates, and charge-transfer spectra in these structures are
      discussed.
+
       111/       120
 TI = Magnetic properties of the tourmaline group
 AU = Tsang, T., Thorpe, N., Senftle, F.E., Donnay, G. (Howard Univ.,
      Washington, D.C., USA)
 SO = American Crystallographic Association Summer meeting (abstracts), 78,
      96, 1970
 PU = American Crystallographic Association, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
 AB = Abstract only given substantially as follows. Tourmalines free from iron
      and manganese can only be paramagnetic, whereas those tourmalines
      containing magnetic ions can be expected to show evidence of magnetic
      exchange interactions. Magnetic susceptibilities of three iron-rich
      tourmaline crystals of different, known, chemical compositions have been
      studied from 8 degrees to 300 degrees K. One sample studied is a
      ferric-oxytourmaline or buergerite, which may be described from a
      magnetic viewpoint as having isolated triangles with Fe/sup 3+/ ions at
      the corners. Its exchange constant J/k=7.5 degrees K may be derived from
      the measured susceptibility data. The susceptibility measurements are
      also consistent with the X-ray and spectral evidence that, in spite of
      the presence of just enough aluminum to fill the Al position, a small
      fraction (8%) of Fe/sup 3+/ ions are substituting for aluminum. From the
      other two tourmaline samples, an iron-rich, aluminum-deficient specimen
      from Madagascar, and a magnesium-iron specimen from Pierpont, N.Y., it
      is possible to estimate the exchange interactions between the iron atoms
      substituting for aluminum atoms.
+
       112/       120
 TI = Rooseveltite from San Francisco de los Andes, San Juan, Argentina
 AU = Bedlivy, D., Llambias, E.J., Astarloa, J. (Univ. Buenos Aires,
      Argentina)
 SO = 8 International congress of crystallography (abstracts), 1pp., iv+295,
      1969
 PU = American Inst. Phys., New York, USA
 AB = Abstract only given, substantially as follows: The hypogene
      mineralization consisting of pyrite, arsenopyrite, bismuthinite,
      chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and luzonite is located in the peripheral zone
      of a tourmaline breccia-pipe. Rooseveltite is mainly associated with an
      unknown Bi-arsenate, conichalcite, olivenite, clinoclase, scorodite,
      beudantite and bismutite. Rosseveltite appears in gray grains of less
      than 5 mu as pseudomorphs after bismuthinite. The synthetic compound was
      prepared after A. de Schulten at a pH of about 0.1. Its powder pattern
      is identical with that of the mineral. After heating to 900 degrees C,
      no variations were observed, in the powder diagrams of both mineral and
      artificial compound. The synthetic material melts at about 950 degrees
      C. Rooseveltite is monoclinic, with a/sub 0/=6.87+or-0.02 A, b/sub
      o/=7.15+or-0.05 A, c/sub o/=6.73+or-0.02 A, beta =104 degrees
      50'+or-30', space group C/sub 2h//sup 5/-P2/sub 1/c, V=320 A/sup 3/,
      Z=4, rho /sub calc./=7.23 gcm/sup -3/. Data were obtained from
      single-crystal precession photographs and powder patterns. The 15
      strongest lines and their intensities for the mineral are given.
+
       113/       120
 TI = The crystal structure of axinite revised
 AU = Ito, T., Takeuchi, Y., Ozawa, T., Araki, T., Zoltai, T., Finney, J.J.
 SO = Proc. Japan. Acad., 490-4, vol.45, no.6, June 1969
 AB = The crystal structure of axinite, H(Fe, Mn)Ca/sub 2/Al/sub 2/BSi/sub
      4/O/sub 16/, was investigated by Ito and Takeuchi (1952) on the
      assumption that boron atoms in the structure form separate BO/sub 3/
      groups like tourmaline. Since axinite is one of those common silicate
      minerals whose crystal structure has not been refined, the authors have
      thoroughly reinvestigated using modern techniques.
+
       114/       120
 TI = Infrared reflection spectrum of tourmaline
 AU = Vierne, R., Brunel, R.
 SO = C.R. Acad. Sci. B (France), 488-90, vol. 270, no.7, 16 Feb. 1970
 AB = The study of the infrared reflection in polarized light of two
      tourmalines has enabled BO/sub 3/ triangles to be identified in the
      vibration spectra confirming therefore the existence of such triangles
      and not of tetrahedral BO/sub 4/ in these crystals.
+
       115/       120
 TI = Features of radiative colour centres and microisomorphism in crystals
 AU = Samoilovich, M.I., Tsinober, L.I.
 SO = Kristallografiya (USSR), 755-66, vol.14, no.4, 1969
 AB = Investigations on radiational colour centres in minerals are reviewed,
      with special reference to the application of the latest methods of
      electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy. The close
      connection between colour centres and various kinds of microisomorphic
      replacement in crystals is discussed. Progress in developing the theory
      of molecular orbits, particularly in their application to ion radicals,
      makes it possible to link EPR and spectroscopic data. Colour centres in
      quartz, calcite, tourmaline, danburite, aragonite, barite, celestine,
      amblygonite, apophyllite, apatite, fluorophlogopite, scapolite, and a
      number of other materials are discussed with regard to the features of
      their impurity composition. It is shown that the entry of impurities in
      structural form into the crystal causes a redistribution of charge,
      leading to regions of uncompensated charge in the lattice which capture
      electrons and holes and thus form colour centres.
+
       116/       120
 TI = Investigation of tourmalines by the infrared spectroscopy method
 AU = Plyusnina, I.I., Granadchikova, B.G., Voskresenskaya, I.E.
 SO = Kristallografiya (USSR), 450-5, vol.14, no.3, 1969
 AB = Results are reported of measurements of the infrared spectra of natural
      and synthetic schorlite, dravite, and elbaite. It is shown that
      isomorphous replacement of Al by Si occurs in the tourmaline structure,
      particularly in elbaite, which contains large quantities of Al. The main
      diagnostic criteria for determining the variety of tourmaline are found
      to be the position of the fundamental bands in the absorption spectra,
      and the positions of the B/sup III/-O and OH-valence bands.
+
       117/       120
 TI = Pyroelectric detection of X-ray absorption by tourmaline
 AU = Bose, D.N., Henisch, H.K., Toole, J.M. (Materials Research Lab., The
      Pennsylvania State Univ., USA)
 SO = Solid-State Electronics (GB), 65-8, vol.12, no.2, Feb. 1969
 AB = It is shown that the pyroelectric properties of tourmaline may be used
      for the measurement of large X-ray doses. The pyroelectric voltage
      across a specimen subjected to uniform heating between 300-600 degrees K
      goes through a maximum which is dependent upon the previously received
      X-ray dose. This behavior is correlated with thermally stimulated
      current measurements. The sensitivity is low but the storage capacity
      high ( approximately 10/sup 5/R). At room temperature the energy stored
      does not decay measurably over periods of 2 weeks. Effects of neutron
      bombardment are also discussed.
+
       118/       120
 TI = The crystal field spectra and dichroism of tourmaline
 AU = Wilkins, R.W.T., Farrell, E.F., Naiman, C.S. (Dept. Geological Sci.,
      Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Ma., USACenter for Materials Sci. and
      Engineering and Dept. Electrical Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge, Ma.,
      USAMITHRAS, Div. of Sanders Associates, Cambridge, Ma., USA)
 SO = J. Phys. Chem. Solids (GB), 43-56, vol. 30, no. 1, Jan. 1969
 AB = Optical absorption spectra of colorless, pink, green, blue, brown and
      black tourmaline have been taken to determine the origin of the colors
      and to explain the color changes which occur on heating. Absorption data
      were taken with polarized radiation parallel and perpendicular to the c
      axis at 77 and 300 degrees K. Cell dimensions supported by partial
      chemical analyses were used to characterize the specimens. The data
      combined to show that generally speaking the color is due to electronic
      transitions in and the amount of Fe/sup 2+/, Fe/sup 3+/ and Mn/sup 2+/
      in the crystal. Specimens on the dravite-schorl join are
      characteristically colored shades of brown. With small to moderate
      concentrations of transition metal ions, colors on the elbaite-schorl
      join are clear pinks, greens and blues according to the Fe/sup
      2+//(Fe/sup 2+/+Fe/sup 3+/+Mn/sup 2+/) ratio in the tourmaline.
      Intensity changes of absorption peaks and shifts in the absorption
      edges, correlated with removal of hydrogen and consequent oxidation of
      Fe/sup 2+/ to Fe/sup 3+/ in the structure account for color changes
      observed when tourmaline is heated in air. Blue tourmaline becomes green
      on short-term heating and redish-brown on further heating. Assignments
      of absorption peaks from 0.3 to 2.0 mu to specific transitions in the
      appropriate cations have been made and the origin of the characteristic
      dichroism is discussed.
+
       119/       120
 TI = A gas-actuated acoustic dilatometer for thermal expansion measurements
      on metals
 AU = Goring, G.E. (Engineering Sci. Dept., Trinity Univ., San Antonio, Tx.,
      USA)
 SO = J. Sci. Instrum. (J. Phys. E) (GB), 137-42, Ser. 2. vol.2, no.2, Feb.
      1969
 AB = Thermal expansion properties of metals have been measured to five
      significant figures with a gas-actuated acoustic dilatometer, utilizing
      an X-cut quartz crystal driven at resonance by a 600 kHz signal.The
      technique has been demonstrated up to 450 degrees c on type 304 steel
      and the results agree well with known characteristics of this metal.
      Planned extension of the method to higher temperatures ( approximately
      1200 degrees c) will require substitution of a tourmaline crystal whose
      Curie point lies above this range.
+
       120/       120
 TI = Colour centres in lithium tourmaline (elbaite)
 AU = Bershov, L.V., Martirosyan, V.O., Marfunin, A.S., Platonov, A.N.,
      Tarashchan, A.N.
 SO = Kristallografiya (USSR), 730-2, vol.13, no.4, July 1968
 AB = The spectra of electron paramagnetic resonance, luminescence, and
      absorption are determined for elbaite (composition Na(Li, Al)/sub
      3/Al/sub 6/B/sub 3/.(Si/sub 6/O/sub 18/)(OH, F)/sub 4/). Results are
      compared for the natural and gamma- irradiated material, and the
      conditions for bleaching are established. The observations are discussed
      in relation to the structure, and to the existence of paramagnetic and
      luminescence centres in the elbaite.
+


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